States of Matter Flashcards
What are the three states of matter?
- Solid
- Liquid
- Gas
How do you describe the arrangement of particles in a solid?
Fixed, regular arrangement and very close together
How do you describe the arrangement of particles in a liquid?
Random arrangement, though moderately close together (some are touching)
How do you describe the arrangement of particles in a gas?
Random arrangement and spread out from eachother
Gaseous is the only state of matter which can be compressed as it is the only one with sufficient space between particles
How do you describe the movement of particles in a solid?
They do not move, only vibrate around a fixed position
How do you describe the movement of particles in a liquid?
They move around eachother
How do you describe the movement of particles in a gas?
Fast, random and in all directions
How do you describe the energy in a solid?
Least energy
How do you describe the energy in a liquid?
More than in a solid, less than in a gas
How do you describe the energy in a gas?
Most energy
What is it called when liquids become gas?
- Boiling - Occurs at the boiling point, affects the whole liquid, happens quickly
- Evaporation - Occurs throughout a range of temperatures (though a higher temperature results in a faster rate of evaporation), affects only the surface of the liquid, happens very slowly
This interconversion has two types, although boiling is more important
What is it called when solids become liquids?
Melting
All of these interconversions are physical changes, which are easy to reverse and involve no chemical change. They involve the forces between the particles
What is it called when gas becomes liquid?
Condensation
What is it called when liquids become solids?
Freezing
What is it called when a solid becomes a gas?
Sublimation
What is it called when a gas becomes a solid?
Deposition
How are solid-liquid-gas interconversions achieved?
- High temperatures, specifically the melting/boiling point of a substance
- There is a discrete point where there is enough energy to break the stronger bonds of the more regular state of matter and where only the weaker bonds of the less regular state of matter can exist
How are gas-liquid-solid interconversions achieved?
- Low temperatures, specifically the freezing/condensation point of a substance
- There is a discrete point where there is a small enough amount of energy for the stronger bonds of the more regular state of matter to exist, therefore these bonds will form in place of the weaker bonds
What is the change in energy to the particles in a solid-liquid-gas interconversion?
The particles gain kinetic energy
What is the change in energy to the particles in a gas-liquid-solid interconversion?
The particles lose kinetic energy
What is the change in arrangement to the particles in a gas-liquid-solid interconversion?
It becomes more regular and the particles move closer together
What is the change in arrangement to the particles in a solid-liquid-gas interconversion?
It becomes more random and the particles move further apart
What is the change in movement to the particles in a gas-liquid-solid interconversion?
They move around less, eventually only vibrating (when they become a solid)
What is the change in movement to the particles in a solid-liquid-gas interconversion?
They move around faster and more randomly
What is a solvent?
The liquid which dissolves the solute
What is a solute?
The substance which dissolves in the solvent to form the solution
What is a solution?
The substance formed when the solute is dissolved by the solvent
What is a saturated solution?
A solution with the maximum possible amount of solute dissolved in it given a fixed volume of solvent
Any more solute added will not be dissolved by the solute and will most likely sink
What is the difference between a soluble and an insoluble substance?
- A soluble substance acts as the solute and is able to be dissolved by the solvent
- An insoluble substance cannot be dissolved by the solvent
How can the results of experiments involving the diffusion of gases into air be explained?
The diffusion of gas happens quicker than the diffusion of liquids, and it cannot happen in solids as the particles do not move
- Particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through random movement
- The gas and air molecules are moving randomly and there are large gaps between the particles, so the particles can easily mix together
This experiment supports the theory that all matter is made of particles
How can the results of experiments involving the dilution of coloured solutions with solvents be explained?
- The dissolved crystals (solute) make the solution coloured
- Adding more of the solvent dilutes the solution even more, and when enough dilutions happen the colour fades as the concentration of solute decreases
- It indicates that the particles of the solute move from an area to high to low concentration and adding more solvent dilutes the solution as the solute particles mix with the solvent particles
In what units can the solubility of a solute be expressed?
In g per 100 g of solvent
This means the maximum mass of a solute able to be dissolved in 100g of the solvent before it becomes a saturated solution
How does the solubility of solids change with temperature?
As temperature increases, solubility increases
Keep in mind these rules are general and some may not increase much at all
How does the solubility of gases change with temperature?
As temperature increases, solubility decreases
How does the solubility of gases change with pressure?
As pressure increases, solubility increases
How do you calculate the mass of solute crystals formed if a solution is cooled?
- Find the solubility at each of the temperatures
- Find the difference between these two values
- Adjust for the volume of the solution
How do you calculate the solubility in g per 100 g of solvent when given the mass of the solvent and the mass of the solute in a saturated solution?
(Mass of solute/Mass of solvent) x 100
