Ionic Bonding

Question 1

How are ions formed in basic terms?

An ion is a charged atom

Answer 1

• When an atom gains electrons (and becomes an anion)
  Or
• When an atom loses electrons (and becomes a cation)

Question 2

What happens in ionic bonding?

Answer 2

• A non-metal and a metal chemically bond together
• The metal donates the electrons on its outer shell to the non-metal, achieving an outer shell on both atoms (this is the most stable state, so is what atoms are trying to achieve)
• The attraction between the positive and negative ions formed hold the ionic compound formed together

Metals only have a few electrons in their outershell, and non-metals have many, so this is why non-metals lose electrons and become anions, and metals gain electrons and become cations

Question 3

How might you draw an ionic dot and cross diagram?

Answer 3

• Draw the two atoms with their electron shells in their normal states
• Then draw the atoms next to eachother with the transferred electrons, both of the atoms should have full outer shells

Question 4

What charge do ions of group 1 metals (alkali metals) have?

Answer 4

1+

Question 5

What charge do ions of group 2 metals have?

Answer 5

2+

Question 6

What charge do ions of group 3 metals have?

Answer 6

3+

Question 7

What charge do ions of group 5 metals have?

Answer 7

3-

Question 8

What charge do ions of group 6 metals have?

Answer 8

2-

Question 9

What charge do ions of group 7 metals have?

Answer 9

1-

Question 10

What is the formula and charge of a silver ion?

Answer 10

Ag⁺

Question 11

What is the formula and charge of a copper (II) ion?

Answer 11

Cu²⁺

Question 12

What is the formula and charge of an iron (II) ion?

Answer 12

Fe²⁺

Question 13

What is the formula and charge of an iron (III) ion?

Answer 13

Fe³⁺

Question 14

What is the formula and charge of a lead ion?

Answer 14

Pb²⁺

Question 15

What is the formula and charge of a zinc ion?

Answer 15

Zn²⁺

Question 16

What is the formula and charge of a hydrogen ion?

Answer 16

H⁺

Question 17

What is the formula and charge of an ammonium ion?

Answer 17

NH₄⁺

Ammonium is the ion formed when ammonia is part of an ionic compound

Question 18

What is the formula and charge of a hydroxide ion?

Answer 18

OH⁻

Question 19

What is the formula and charge of a carbonate ion?

Answer 19

CO₃²⁻

Question 20

What is the formula and charge of a nitrate ion?

Answer 20

NO₃⁻

Question 21

What is the formula and charge of a sulphate ion?

Answer 21

SO₄²⁻

Question 22

What must the charge of ionic compounds be?

Answer 22

+0

Question 23

What holds the ions together in ionic compounds?

Answer 23

Strong intramolecular electrostatic forces between the positive and the negative ions

Question 24

What structure do the ions in an ionic compound form?

Answer 24

Giant lattice structure

Question 25

Why do ionic compounds have a high melting and boiling point?

Answer 25

The giant lattice contains lots of very strong electrostatic forces between the oppositely charged ions in the lattice which require alot of energy to break

Question 26

What is the conuductivity of ionic compounds like when they are solid?

Answer 26

They are not conductive in solid form as the ions are in a fixed position and cannot freely move

Question 27

What is the conductivity of ionic compounds when they are molten or in aqueous solution?

Answer 27

They are conductive when molten or in aqueous solution because the ions are free to move and carry charge

Question 28

How do you write ionic equations, and what is the ionic equation (and process to form this equation) for sodium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid as an example?

Answer 28

• Write out the equation normally, but split up all ionic compounds into their constituent ions
• Remove the ions which do not change
• NaOH + HCl –> NaCl + H₂O
• Na⁺ + OH⁻ + H⁺ + Cl⁻ –> Na⁺ + Cl⁻ + H₂O
• OH⁻ + H⁺ –> H₂O

• Water does not contain ions as it is a covalent compound
• If ions do not change charge, it is the ones which change state