states of consciousness/sleep (10-11) 🎀 Flashcards
sleep
periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation
NREM stage 1
1-7 minutes
NREM stage 2
10-25 minutes
NREM stage 3
20-40 minutes
REM sleep
rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur; also known as paradoxical sleep because muscles are relaxed but body is active 10-60 minutes
why do we sleep?
facilitates the brain’s processing of emotional information
why do we dream?
ability to engage with and rehearse feelings in different imagined contexts may be part of the brain’s method for managing emotions
sleep deprivation
condition characterised by inadequate or insufficient sleep sustained over a period of time
rem rebound effect
body compensates for lost sleep by increasing REM sleep duration in subsequent sleep cycles
freud’s dream analysis - manifest content/latent content
the manifest content of a dream is what literally happens in it, while latent content is what the dream symbolizes
circadian rhythms
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle
sleep disorders
involve problems with the quality, timing, and amount of sleep, which result in daytime distress and impairment in functioning
insomnia
sleep disorder characterized by recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
night terrors
a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered
sleep apnea
a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
sleep walking
somnambulism; when people get up and walk around while asleep
narcolepsy
a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times
serotonin
a chemical that carries messages between nerve cells in the brain and throughout your body
dopamine
type of neurotransmitter and hormone
psychoactive drugs
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
reward pathway
where neurons release dopamine to make you feel pleasure
stimulants
drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
cocaine
a powerfully and addictive stimulant, derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria
amphetamines
stimulant drugs that speed up the messages travelling between the brain and the body
meth
a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
caffeine
stimulant that speeds up the central nervous system
nicotine
stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco
depressants
drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
alcohol
depressant that can disrupt the balance of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in your brain and affect your feelings, thoughts and behavior
opiates
type of drug that act as depressants on the central nervous system
opioids
opium-based drugs and other derivatives, such as morphine, heroin, oxycontin, fentanyl; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
anti-anxiety medications (benzos)
help reduce the symptoms of anxiety, such as panic attacks or extreme fear and worry, slow down the messages between the brain and the body
hallucinogens
psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
cannabis
dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds of the cannabis plant
marijuana
psychoactive drug which produces effects on the brain by activating cannabinoid receptors, which in turn activate the brain’s reward system
ecstasy (MDMA)
a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen; produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition
LSD
a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid
dependence
form of addiction that involves an emotional or mental attachment to a substance or behavior
THC
major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
addiction
compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences. may also occur for certain behaviors (e.g., gambling)
to sleep, no doubt to dream
dreaming increased after being prevented for several nights, effects of drugs and alcohol can prevent REM sleep causing people to become addicted to sleeping pills and alcohol
