states of consciousness/sleep (10-11) 🎀

Question 1

sleep

Answer 1

periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

Question 2

NREM stage 1

Answer 2

1-7 minutes

Question 3

NREM stage 2

Answer 3

10-25 minutes

Question 4

NREM stage 3

Answer 4

20-40 minutes

Question 5

REM sleep

Answer 5

rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur; also known as paradoxical sleep because muscles are relaxed but body is active 10-60 minutes

Question 6

why do we sleep?

Answer 6

facilitates the brain’s processing of emotional information

Question 7

why do we dream?

Answer 7

ability to engage with and rehearse feelings in different imagined contexts may be part of the brain’s method for managing emotions

Question 8

sleep deprivation

Answer 8

condition characterised by inadequate or insufficient sleep sustained over a period of time

Question 9

rem rebound effect

Answer 9

body compensates for lost sleep by increasing REM sleep duration in subsequent sleep cycles

Question 10

freud’s dream analysis - manifest content/latent content

Answer 10

the manifest content of a dream is what literally happens in it, while latent content is what the dream symbolizes

Question 11

circadian rhythms

Answer 11

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

Question 12

sleep disorders

Answer 12

involve problems with the quality, timing, and amount of sleep, which result in daytime distress and impairment in functioning

Question 13

insomnia

Answer 13

sleep disorder characterized by recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

Question 14

night terrors

Answer 14

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

Question 15

sleep apnea

Answer 15

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

Question 16

sleep walking

Answer 16

somnambulism; when people get up and walk around while asleep

Question 17

narcolepsy

Answer 17

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

Question 18

serotonin

Answer 18

a chemical that carries messages between nerve cells in the brain and throughout your body

Question 19

dopamine

Answer 19

type of neurotransmitter and hormone

Question 20

psychoactive drugs

Answer 20

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood

Question 21

reward pathway

Answer 21

where neurons release dopamine to make you feel pleasure

Question 22

stimulants

Answer 22

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

Question 23

cocaine

Answer 23

a powerfully and addictive stimulant, derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria

Question 24

amphetamines

Answer 24

stimulant drugs that speed up the messages travelling between the brain and the body

Question 25

meth

Answer 25

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

Question 26

caffeine

Answer 26

stimulant that speeds up the central nervous system

Question 27

nicotine

Answer 27

stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

Question 28

depressants

Answer 28

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Question 29

alcohol

Answer 29

depressant that can disrupt the balance of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in your brain and affect your feelings, thoughts and behavior

Question 30

opiates

Answer 30

type of drug that act as depressants on the central nervous system

Question 31

opioids

Answer 31

opium-based drugs and other derivatives, such as morphine, heroin, oxycontin, fentanyl; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Question 32

anti-anxiety medications (benzos)

Answer 32

help reduce the symptoms of anxiety, such as panic attacks or extreme fear and worry, slow down the messages between the brain and the body

Question 33

hallucinogens

Answer 33

psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

Question 34

cannabis

Answer 34

dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds of the cannabis plant

Question 35

marijuana

Answer 35

psychoactive drug which produces effects on the brain by activating cannabinoid receptors, which in turn activate the brain’s reward system

Question 36

ecstasy (MDMA)

Answer 36

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen; produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition

Question 37

LSD

Answer 37

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid

Question 38

dependence

Answer 38

form of addiction that involves an emotional or mental attachment to a substance or behavior

Question 39

THC

Answer 39

major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

Question 40

addiction

Answer 40

compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences. may also occur for certain behaviors (e.g., gambling)

Question 41

to sleep, no doubt to dream

Answer 41

dreaming increased after being prevented for several nights, effects of drugs and alcohol can prevent REM sleep causing people to become addicted to sleeping pills and alcohol