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heart study guide Flashcards

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1
Q

where is the heart located?

A

between the lungs

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2
Q

which way does the apex (tip) point?

A

towards the left hip

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3
Q

what are the two layers the pericardium has?

A

fibrous and serous - parietal and visceral

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4
Q

what are the three layers of the heart?

A

epicardium (outermost layer) myocardium (thick twisting bundles of cardiac muscles to provide contractions) and endocardium (thin layers lining heart chambers)

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5
Q

describe the pulmonary circuit

A

carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back, picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

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6
Q

describe the systemic circuit

A

carries blood from the heart to the body tissue and back, drops off oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide

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7
Q

which vessels make up the pulmonary circuit?

A

pulmonary trunk and pulmonary veins

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8
Q

which vessels make up the systemic circuit?

A

aorta and venae cava - superior/inferior

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9
Q

describe superior vena cava

A

brings oxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart

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10
Q

describe inferior vena cava

A

brings deoxygenated blood from the abdomen to the right side of the heart

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11
Q

what are the four chambers the heart is divided into?

A

right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle and left ventricle

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12
Q

what type of blood does the left side of the heart receive from the pulmonary veins?

A

oxygenated

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13
Q

what type of blood does the right side of the heart receive from the body tissues?

A

deoxygenated

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14
Q

what prevents the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing?

A

septum

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15
Q

what are valves?

A

flaps of tissue that prevent blood from flowing backwards

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16
Q

what is between the aria and ventricles?

A

atrioventricular (AV) valves

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17
Q

what valve is in the right side of the heart?

A

tricuspid valve consisting of three flaps of tissue

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18
Q

what valve is in the left side of the heart?

A

bicuspid and mitral valves consisting of two flaps of tissue

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19
Q

what’s between the ventricles and blood vessels?

A

semilunar valves

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20
Q

which side of the heart is the pulmonary valve located in?

A

right side

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21
Q

which side of the heart is the aortic valve located in?

A

left side

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22
Q

right atrium

A

receives deoxygenated blood from body tissue and is covered by auricle

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23
Q

pulmonary veins

A

brings oxygenated blood from the lungs

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24
Q

coronary blood vessels

A

provides oxygen from heart itself, veins (blue) arteries (red)

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25
Q

right ventricle

A

receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium

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26
Q

aorta

A

takes oxygenated blood to body tissues

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26
Q

left atrium

A

receives oxygenated blood from lungs and is covered by auricle

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27
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs to pick up more oxygen

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28
Q

left ventricle

A

receives oxygenated blood from left atrium

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29
Q

semilunar valves

A

prevents flow backwards into the heart

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29
Q

what’s the flow of the deoxygenated blood?

A

from body tissues to superior/inferior vena cava to right atrium to right ventricle to pulmonary arteries to lungs (to pick up more oxygen and drop of carbon dioxide)

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30
Q

what’s the flow of the oxygenated blood?

A

from lungs to pulmonary veins to left atrium to left ventricle to aorta (to drop off oxygen to rest of body)

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31
Q

the intrinsic conduction system sets the pace for heart contractions. what is special about the tissue of this system?

A

generates their own impulse

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32
Q

the senatorial (SA) node

A

begins the impulse, causes the contraction of the atria and also called cardiac pacemaker

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33
Q

the atrioventricular (AV) node

A

where impulse reaches, AV node pauses, letting the atria empty into the ventricles

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34
Q

the AV bundle and the bundle branches to the purkinje fibers

A

impulse continues, purkinje fibers contract the ventricles sending blood out of the heart

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35
Q

what is a heartbeat? (or cardiac cycle)

A

one contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle

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36
Q

what is diastole?

A

relaxation of heart and filling of blood

37
Q

what is systole?

A

contraction of heart

38
Q

what is heart rate?

A

the frequency of a heartbeat which occurs about 75 times each minute

39
Q

what are the stages of diastole?

A

a. atrial contraction (ventricles fill with blood)
b. AV valve closes (making first sound “lub”)

40
Q

what are the stages of systole?

A

a. contraction
b. ejection phase
c. semilunar valves close
d. relaxation

41
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle in a heartbeat (ml/beat)

41
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute (heart rate x stroke volume)

42
Q

what is heart rate?

A

number of times the heart beats per minute (beats/min)

43
Q

what affects heart rate?

A

stress, hormones, lons and physical factors

43
Q

what affects stroke volume?

A

exercise and rapid blood loss

44
Q

what causes blood pressure?

A

amount of blood the heart pumps and how hard it is for the blood to move through the arteries

45
Q

why are there two numbers associated with blood pressure?

A

systolic and diastolic

46
Q

what is the reading for a hypertensive patient?

A

130/80 or higher

46
Q

which side of the hear pumps harder?

A

the left side because it has thicker muscles and produces power contractions that transmits blood to all part of the body

47
Q

what is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure

48
Q

which side of the heart more commonly weakens faster and fails first?

A

the left side

49
Q

if the left side of the heart fails, where in the circulation would blood back up?

A

backwards into the organs

50
Q

if the right side of the heart fails, where in the circulation would blood back up?

A

build up in the veins

50
Q

blood flow into ___ (pulmonary circuit/systemic circuit) would ___ (increase/decrease) if the left side of the heart fails. Blood flow into the ___ (pulmonary circuit/systemic circuit) would ___ (increase/decrease) if the right side of the heart fails.

A
  1. pulmonary
  2. increase
  3. systemic
  4. decrease
50
Q

describe what would happen to pressure in the blood vessels where blood is backing up and pooling due to failure of the heart

A

blood pressure would increase

51
Q

what is the most common type of blood vessel?

A

capillaries

52
Q

where would edema related to left sided heart failure be seen?

A

lungs

53
Q

where would edema related to right sided heart failure be seen?

A

abdominal organs, feet, ankles, legs and a abdomen

54
Q

why is heart failure often referred to as “congestive” heart failure?

A

refers to the buildup of fluid in ankles, feet, lungs or other organs

55
Q

what happens to oxygen levels when the left side of the heart fails?

A

oxygen levels decrease

56
Q

how would stenotic bicuspid (mitral) valve affect the movement of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

A

the movement of blood is decreased or blocked completely

57
Q

which of the four chambers would have its workload increased the most by a stenotic bicuspid (mitral) valve?

A

it would be the left atrium because it would make the blood flow from the left atrium to left ventricle harder

58
Q

which of the four chambers would have its workload increased the most by a stenotic pulmonary semilunar?

A

the right ventricle because of its crucial role in the pulmonary system.

59
Q

how does a stenotic valve increase the risk of heart failure?

A

the stenotic valve affects the left ventricle’s ability to easily pump blood through the narrowed aortic valve

60
Q

what is valve regurgitation?

A

leaking from a valve that does not completely close

61
Q

what is auscultation?

A

action of listening to sound from heart with a stethoscope

62
Q

what is being monitored with a stethoscope?

A

sound made by vibrations of blood while the heart is pumping

63
Q

which conditions can cause irregularities in the sound of the heart?

A

moderare bradychardia and mild mitral valve regurgitation

64
Q

what is a murmur?

A

rumbling or bloating sound made by the heart often by malfunction hear valves

65
Q

what is an echocardiography?

A

technique that uses very high frequency sound or ultrasound to visualize details of heart anatomy

65
Q

what do orange and blue colors on the blood represent in doppler echo images?

A

velocity in blood

66
Q

how are the echocardiography images made?

A

ultra sound used from hand held wand placed on chest to make pictures of heart’s valves and chambers

67
Q

blood pressure cannot be measured with echocardiography

A

true

68
Q

what is a pedigree analysis?

A

basic method for determining the pattern of any trait is to look at it occurrence in several individuals within a family, spanning as many generations as possible

69
Q

a pedigree analysis illustrates how an inherited disorder/disease is distributed in family

A

true

70
Q

what is a magnetic resonance imaging?

A

a medical examination performed using magnetic resonance imaging

71
Q

what is true about an mri?

A

shows high resolution of the heart

72
Q

arrhythmia is most suitable for an mri exam

A

false

73
Q

what is a syncope?

A

temporary loss of consciousness caused by fall in blood pressure

73
Q

marfan syndrome description

A

affects connective tissue with varying degrees of severity

73
Q

congenital atrial septal defect description

A

right heart is overloaded with blood and lungs get congested

74
Q

what is a dyspnea?

A

difficult or labored breathing

75
Q

what is ductus arteriosus?

A

normal blood vessel that connects two major arteries — the aorta and the pulmonary artery — that carry blood away from the heart

75
Q

what is a foramen ovale?

A

an aperture in the muscular tissue between the left and right atrium that allows blood to cross the atria and bypass pulmonary circulation during fetal development

76
Q

foramen ovale - blood now flows from ___ (chamber) into the ___ (chamber)

A

right atrium into the left atrium

77
Q

ductus arteriosus - blood now flows from the ___ (vessel) into the ___ (vessel)

A

the pulmonary artery into the aorta

78
Q

what causes the temporary blue color of the skin?

A

immature blood circulation

79
Q

why might a baby have a high breathing rate?

A

oxygen is not effectively delivered from the lungs into the bloodstream

80
Q

would a ventricular septal defect cause a systolic or a diastolic murmur?

A

systolic murmur

81
Q

where does a fetus get oxygenated blood from?

A

the placenta

82
Q

how does the overall effect of the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus change the circulation?

A

the foramen ovale moves blood from the right atrium of the heart to the left atrium and the ductus arteriosus moves blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta

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