States of Consciousness Flashcards
The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.
Circadian rhythms
Rapid eye movement sleep, a reccuring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as peridoxial sleep.
REM sleep
The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.
Alpha waves
Periodic, natural loss of consciousness-as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.
Sleep
False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.
Hallucinations
The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.
Delta waves
Non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep.
NREM sleep
A pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls the circadian rhythm by inhibiting the production of melatonin.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
Recurring problems in falling asleep or staying asleep.
Insomnia
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
Narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterized by temporary endings of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.
Sleep APNEA
A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, _______ occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.
Night terrors
A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping by persons’s mind.
Dream
According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct for it latent, or hidden content.)
Manifest content
According to Freud, the underlaying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content.)
Latent content
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
Consciousness
A social interaction in which one person (the subject) responds to another person’s (the hypnotist’s) suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
Hypnosis
A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.
Posthypnotic suggestion
A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behavior to occur simultaneously with others.
Dissociation
Continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk.
Substance use disorder
A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.
Psychoactive drug
The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s affect.
Tolerance
Compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors (such as gambling) despite known adverse consequences.
Addiction
The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior.
Withdrawl
Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.
Depressants
(Popularly known as alcoholism.) Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use.
Alcohol use disorder
Drugs that depress CENTRAL nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement.
Barbiturates
Opium and it’s derivatives such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.
Opiates
Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy, and meth) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
Stimulants
Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood/changes.
Amphetamines
A stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco.
Nicotine
A powerful and addictive stimulant, derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria.
Cocaine
A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speed-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.
Methamphetamine
A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.
Ecstasy(MDMA)
Psychedelic (“mind manifesting”) drugs, such LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
Hallucinogens
A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (Lysergic acid diethylamide.)
LSD
An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.
Near-death experience
The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.
THC
The purposeful movement of walking that occurs in a sleep-like state. These people tend to remain in deep sleep during a sleepwalking episode. Occurs more in children, but adults can experience it.
Sleepwalking
Produce sedation and hypnosis, relieve anxiety and muscle spasms, and reduce seizures. A minor tranquilizer.
Benzodiazepines
