Cognition Flashcards
The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
Memory
The processing of information into the memory system-for example, by extracting meaning.
Encoding
The processing of information over time.
Storage
The process of getting information out of memory storage.
Retrieval
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
Sensory memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.
Short-term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
Long-term memory
A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing if incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and if information retrieved from long-term memory.
Working memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.” Also called declarative memory.
Explicit memory
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Effortful processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, frequency, and of well learned information such as word meaning.
Automatic processing
Retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative memory.)
Implicit memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
Iconic memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
Echoic memory
Conducted memory experiments on himself and created the learning curve.
Herman Ebbinghaus
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. For example, APPLE instead of PLPAE.
Chunking
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organization devices.
Mnemonics
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through mass study or practice.
Spacing Effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. Also sometimes referred to as retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.
Testing Effect
Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.
Shallow Processing
Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words tends to yield the best retention.
Deep Processing
A neural center located in the Limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.
Hippocampus
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
Flashbulb Memory
An increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
Long-term Potentiation (LTP)
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test.
Recognition
A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.
Relearning
The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.
Priming
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.
Mood-congruent memory
Our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (primary effect) in a list.
Serial Position Effect
An inability to form new memories; sufferers can remember their past after nothing past the trauma.
Anterograde amnesia
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
Algorithm
