Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

Question 1

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Answer 1

Motivation

Question 2

A complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species.

Answer 2

Instinct

Question 3

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Answer 3

Drive-Reduction Theory

Question 4

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constantly internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

Answer 4

Homeostasis

Question 5

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

Answer 5

Incentive

Question 6

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

Answer 6

Optimal Arousal Theory Or Yerkes Dodson Law

Question 7

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

Answer 7

Hierarchy of needs

Question 8

The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Answer 8

Glucose

Question 9

The point at which and individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Answer 9

Set Point

Question 10

The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

Answer 10

Basal Metabolic Rate

Question 11

Hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose.

Answer 11

Insulin

Question 12

Hormone secreted by empty stomach; send “I’m hungry” signals to the brain.

Answer 12

Gherlin

Question 13

Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus.

Answer 13

Orexin

Question 14

Protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increased metabolism and decrease hunger.

Answer 14

Leptin

Question 15

Digestive tract hormone; sends “I’m not hungry” signals to the brain.

Answer 15

PYY

Question 15

The four stages of sexual responding described by masters and Johnson are?

Answer 15

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Question 16

A resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

Answer 16

Refractory Period

Question 17

A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.

Answer 17

Sexual dysfunction

Question 18

Sex hormones, such as estradiol, in greater amounts by females than by males contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

Answer 18

Estrogens

Question 19

The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional ______ in males stimulates growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Answer 19

Testosterone

Question 20

A response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

Answer 20

Emotion

Question 21

The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

Answer 21

James-Lange Theory

Question 22

The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

Answer 22

Canon-Bard Theory

Question 23

The Schacter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

Answer 23

Two-Factor Theory

Question 24

A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular breathing changes) accompanying emotion.

Answer 24

Polygraph

Question 25

The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.

Answer 25

Facial Feedback Effect

Question 26

A subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine.

Answer 26

Health Psychology

Question 27

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Answer 27

Stress

Question 28

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases-alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Answer 28

General Adaptation Syndrome

Question 29

Under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others.

Answer 29

Tend-and-befriend response

Question 30

Literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

Answer 30

Psychophysiological Illness

Question 31

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

Answer 31

Psychoneuralimmunology

Question 32

The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system: B ______ form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T _______ form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.

Answer 32

Lymphocytes

Question 33

The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.

Answer 33

Coronary Heart Disease

Question 34

Friedman Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

Answer 34

*Type A

Question 35

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

Answer 35

*Type B