States of Consciousness Flashcards
Four properties of consciousness?
1) Intentional; always doing something
2) Has unity; takes information from all your senses into one experience
3) Selective; includes some objects but not others
4) Transient; tendency to change
What was Williamson & Feyer (2000)?
Participants were awake for 28 hours and different participants got drunk, then took reaction tests and had similar results.
What are the four stages of sleep?
1) Alpha waves synchronize. Theta waves appear at end.
2) Theta waves dominate, sleep spindles (learning/memory), K-complexes
3) Delta waves, slow wave sleep, deep sleep, some dreams.
4) REM Sleep, rapid eye movement, high brain activity, dreaming
According to dreaming, what is:
A) Manifest content
B) Latent content
A) What we dream
B) What the dream means
A) What is insomnia?
B) Treatment?
A) Difficulty in falling/staying asleep.
Difficulty 3 nights a week for at least one month. No single cause.
B) Sleeping pills, cognitive behavioural therapy, anti-anxiety
A) What is narcolepsy?
B) Treatment?
A) Inability to stay awake, sleep attacks (30 seconds-30 minutes). Cataplexy (loss of muscle tone). Triggered by arousal and stress
B) Stimulants (amphetamines), drugs that focus on hypocretin
A) What is sleep apnea?
B) Two types?
C) Treatment?
A) Stops breathing during sleep (10-20 seconds). Awake with loud grunts. Results in microsleeps
B) Obstructive sleep apnea: physical obstruction of airway, involving soft palate
Central sleep apnea: disconnect between brain stems and lungs
C) Continuous positive airway pressure device
A) What are parasomnias?
B) Treatment?
A) Group of disorders: disruptive motor activity, sleep walking, REM Sleep Behaviour disorder, restless leg syndrome. Occurs during slow wave sleep.
B) No real treatment
A) What is REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder?
B) Treatment?
A) Act our dreams: punch, kicking, screaming.
B) Benzodiazepines, altering sleep environment
What is Restless Leg Syndrome?
Uncomfortable sensation in the legs relieved when moved
What do many depressants work as? What is an example?
Work as GABA agonists, have sedative effect by suppressing central nervous system.
Example: alcohol
What do stimulants do?
Increase neural activity, variety of neurotransmitter systems, euphoric high, feel good then depletion
What do opioids do?
Reduce pain, very high chance of abuse
What do hallucinogens do?
Produce extreme alterations to consciousness, result in hallucinations, glutamate receptors
A) What is hypnosis?
B) What is social-cognitive theory?
C) What is Hilgard’s Experiment?
A) induction of state of consciousness where one loses voluntary action
B) People perform a social role
C) Hypnotized people to not feel pain then put arm in ice water and push the button if they felt pain. They pushed button but did not report feeling pain.
