state, green and corporate crime

Question 1

Held

Answer 1

suggests there is a globalisation of crime - increasing interconnectedness of crime across national borders

Question 2

give some examples of globalised crime

Answer 2

• cyber crime
• human trafficking
• distribution of drugs
• money laundering

Question 3

Castells

Answer 3

argues the global crime economy or transnational organised crime is worth over £1 trillion per year

Question 4

how many women and children on average are involved in trafficking per year?

Answer 4

500,000

Question 5

how much money does drug trades make?

Answer 5

$400 billion each trade

Question 6

AO3: validity

Answer 6

research in these areas are difficult, so these facts may lack accuracy and can question how these were tested

Question 7

Beck - late modernist

Answer 7

argues that globalisation creates new risks and a heightened awareness of risks

Question 8

what are some of the reasons for the rise of global crime?

Answer 8

• increased technology
• cheap travel and increased transport
• less regulations in poorer countries
• demand from weathy countries has increased
• poor nations willing grow drugs to escape poverty
  -difficult to police

Question 9

Taylor

Answer 9

argues a globalised capitalist economy has created greater inequality and rising crime

Question 10

taylor: crimes of the powerless

Answer 10

transnational corporations have created job insecruity, unemployment and poverty in the west by switching manufacturer to low wage countries

Question 11

what is the result of de industrialisation in LA?

Answer 11

has led to the growth in gangs to 15000 members

Question 12

Taylor: crimes of the powerful

Answer 12

deregulation of finicial markets - increased opportunities for insider trading and the movement of funds around the world to avoid paying taxation

Question 13

AO3

Answer 13

• global crime is now the biggest type of crime in the UK and US
• Introduction of ‘interpol’ shows that global crime has become a problem

Question 14

Rothe and Friedrichs

Answer 14

argue that global finicial organisations are criminogenic

Question 15

give an example of criminogenic organisations

Answer 15

the world bank and IMF force economic changes on poorer countries that are in debt to them

Question 16

Glenny: McMafia

Answer 16

following the fall of communism, the russian governmemt deregulated most sectors of the economy except from natural resources, these remained at their old soviet price, a fortieth of the world market price. This means they could be sold abroad at a high profit

Question 17

AO2: give an example of two drug routes

Answer 17

• the golden triangle
• the golden crescent

Question 18

Hobbs and Dunningham: glocal organisations

Answer 18

crime works as a ‘glocal’ system, it is locally based with globak connections, meaning it will vary from place to place

Question 19

chambliss

Answer 19

“state crime is illegal or deviant activities perpetrated by, or with the complicity of state agencies”

Question 20

Mclaughin: what are the four types of state crimes?

Answer 20

1. political crimes
2. economic crimes
3. social and cultural crimes
4. crimes by secruity

Question 21

case study: genocide in Rwanda

Answer 21

In 1994 rwanda was the scene of the 20th century fastest genocide, resulted in the death of over 1/10 - 80,000

Question 22

the challenger space shuttle disaster 1986

Answer 22

risky, negligent and cost cutting decisions by the state agency NASA and the corporation Morton Thiokol led to the explosion that killed 7 astronauts 73 seconds after blast off

Question 23

the deepwater horizon oil disaster

Answer 23

the rig exploded and sank killing 11 workers and caused the largest accidental spill in history. An enquiry found that government regulations had failed to oversee the industry adequately or notice the companies cost-cutting decisions.

Question 24

illegal wars

Answer 24

Kramer and michalowski argue that the USA and UK knowingly made the false claim that the iraquis possessed weapons of mass destruction

Question 25

crimes committed during or after wars

Answer 25

Whyte describes the USA’s ‘neo-liberal’ colonalisation of iraq where the constiution was illegally changed so that the economy could be privatised - in 2004 over $48 billion went to us firms but poor oversight meant it was unclear where much of this went.

Question 26

zemiology

Answer 26

the study of harm and wrongdoing

Question 27

AO3: the UN charter and UN secruity Council

Answer 27

developed after WW1 to try and prevent the atrocities that occured in nazi germany from happening again, most nations have signed up and it’s legally binding