state, green and corporate crime Flashcards
Held
suggests there is a globalisation of crime - increasing interconnectedness of crime across national borders
give some examples of globalised crime
- cyber crime
- human trafficking
- distribution of drugs
- money laundering
Castells
argues the global crime economy or transnational organised crime is worth over £1 trillion per year
how many women and children on average are involved in trafficking per year?
500,000
how much money does drug trades make?
$400 billion each trade
AO3: validity
research in these areas are difficult, so these facts may lack accuracy and can question how these were tested
Beck - late modernist
argues that globalisation creates new risks and a heightened awareness of risks
what are some of the reasons for the rise of global crime?
- increased technology
- cheap travel and increased transport
- less regulations in poorer countries
- demand from weathy countries has increased
- poor nations willing grow drugs to escape poverty
-difficult to police
Taylor
argues a globalised capitalist economy has created greater inequality and rising crime
taylor: crimes of the powerless
transnational corporations have created job insecruity, unemployment and poverty in the west by switching manufacturer to low wage countries
what is the result of de industrialisation in LA?
has led to the growth in gangs to 15000 members
Taylor: crimes of the powerful
deregulation of finicial markets - increased opportunities for insider trading and the movement of funds around the world to avoid paying taxation
AO3: global crime
- global crime is now the biggest type of crime in the UK and US
- Introduction of ‘interpol’ shows that global crime has become a problem
Rothe and Friedrichs
argue that global finicial organisations are criminogenic
give an example of criminogenic organisations
the world bank and IMF force economic changes on poorer countries that are in debt to them
Glenny: McMafia
observed that there has been a growth in organised crime networks and global criminal organisations due to:
- the deregulation of global markets, and
- the increase of capitalism.
Glenny calls these crime networks “McMafia”. Increased consumerism and liberalised rules have led to the growth of these criminal organisations, which now condone and facilitate activities such as the consumption of drugs and human trafficking around the world.
AO2: give an example of two drug routes
- the golden triangle
- the golden crescent
Hobbs and Dunningham: glocal organisations
crime works as a ‘glocal’ system, it is locally based with global connections, meaning it will vary from place to place
chambliss
“state crime is illegal or deviant activities perpetrated by, or with the complicity of state agencies”
Mclaughin: what are the four types of state crimes?
- political crimes
- economic crimes
- social and cultural crimes
- crimes by secruity
case study: genocide in Rwanda
In 1994 rwanda was the scene of the 20th century fastest genocide, resulted in the death of over 1/10 - 80,000
the challenger space shuttle disaster 1986
risky, negligent and cost cutting decisions by the state agency NASA and the corporation Morton Thiokol led to the explosion that killed 7 astronauts 73 seconds after blast off
the deepwater horizon oil disaster
the rig exploded and sank killing 11 workers and caused the largest accidental spill in history. An enquiry found that government regulations had failed to oversee the industry adequately or notice the companies cost-cutting decisions.
illegal wars
Kramer and michalowski argue that the USA and UK knowingly made the false claim that the iraquis possessed weapons of mass destruction
crimes committed during or after wars
Whyte describes the USA’s ‘neo-liberal’ colonalisation of iraq where the constiution was illegally changed so that the economy could be privatised - in 2004 over $48 billion went to us firms but poor oversight meant it was unclear where much of this went.
zemiology
the study of harm and wrongdoing
AO3: the UN charter and UN secruity Council
developed after WW1 to try and prevent the atrocities that occured in nazi germany from happening again, most nations have signed up and it’s legally binding
