social class and crime

Question 1

criminogenic

Answer 1

capitalism encourages crime from all social classes

Question 2

Case study: Elizabeth holmes

Answer 2

she founded a company valued at $39 for supposedly bringing about a revolution in diagnosing disease, by 2015 she was exposed as a fake and the technology didn’t work. she was convicted in january on 4 counts of fraud

Question 3

occupational crime

Answer 3

crime committed by employees for their own personal gain, often against the organisation they work for

Question 4

corporate crime

Answer 4

crime committed by employees for their organisation in pursuit if its goals

Question 5

Case study: Bhopal and union carbide

Answer 5

Union Carbide went to india to save money but they tried to train their workers in languages they couldn’t understand - this led to a chemical leak all throughout bhopal.

Question 6

how many people died at bhopal?

Answer 6

50,000

Question 7

example of corporate crime against consumers

Answer 7

In 2011, the french government recommended that women with breast implants from Poly Implants prothese have these removed because they were filled with dangerous industrial silicone - 30,000 implants sold in 65 countries

Question 8

example of corporate crime against employees: tombs and palmer

Answer 8

Tombs calculates that up to 1000 work related deaths a year involved employers breaking the law
Palmer estimates that occupational disease cause 50,000 deaths a year in the UK

Question 9

examples of corporate crimes against the environment

Answer 9

Volkswagen admitted installing software in 11 million of its disiel vehciles globally. The software could detect when the engines were being tested and disguised emission levels that were 40 times above the US legal limit

Question 10

state corporate crime

Answer 10

reflects to the harm committed when government instiutions and businesses cooperate to pursue their goals

Question 11

how is corporate crime invisible?

Answer 11

• lack of will to tackle it
• underreporting
• complexity
• the media
• delabelling

Question 12

strain theory

Answer 12

deviance results from the inability of some people to achieve goals that societies culture prescribes by using legitimate means

Question 13

Box

Answer 13

argues that if a company cannot achieve its goals of maximising profit by legal means, it may employ illegal ones

Question 14

Clinard and Yeager

Answer 14

found law violations by large companies increased as their financial performances deteriorated, suggesting a willingness to innovate to achieve profit goals

Question 15

differential association: sutherland

Answer 15

sees crime as behaviour learned from others in social context; the less we associate with people who hold attitudes favourable to the law and the more we associate with criminal attitudes, the more likely we are to become deviant

Question 16

geis

Answer 16

found that individuals joining companies where illegal price-fixing was practiced become involved in it as part of their socialisation

Question 17

corporate deviant subcultures

Answer 17

company employees face problems of achieving corporate goals and may adopt deviant means to do so, socialising new members into these

Question 18

techniques of neutralisation: sykes and matza

Answer 18

argue that individuals can deviate more easily if they can produce justification to neutralise moral objections to their misbehaviour

Question 19

labelling: circourel

Answer 19

the middle class are more able to negotiate non-criminal labels for their misbehaviour

Question 20

delabelling: Nelken

Answer 20

business and professionals often have the power to avoid labelling. they can afford expensive experts to help them avoid activities they are involved in.