Starred Lecture Items L9 Flashcards
when do somites originate
3rd week of embryogenesis
what is a somite
mesodermal segments of embryos originating from stem cells that become the vertebral column, skeletal muscle and dermis.
when does the mesoderm differentiate into somites
after day 20
how many pairs of somites come from the mesoderm and how many sets of spinal nerves do they eventually create
44 pairs of somites; 31 sets of spinal nerves
what happens at the 7th week of embryogenesis regarding upper and lower limbs
upper and lower limbs undergo a 90 degree torsion in opposite directions, elbow goes caudally and knee goes cranially
what are:
syndactyly
polydactyly
macrodactyly
adactyly
ectrodactyly
anomalies
syn: fusion of digits
poly: extra digits (usually bilateral)
macro: enlarged digits
a: absence of digits
ectro: lobster claw
what are:
amelia
meromelia
phocomelia
anomalies
a: absence of extremities
mero: partial absence of extremities
phoco: shortened lower extremities
what are the 4 joints of the UE and are they synovial or functional
glenohumeral (syn)
acromioclavicular AC (syn)
sternoclavicular (syn)
scapulothoracic (functional)
what end of the clavicle is flat and what is rounder/pointy
sternal end is flat
acromial end is rounder/pointy
what is the antebrachium
forearm
what head of the tricep doesnt attach to the humerus
long head
is the long head and short head of the bicep biarticulate or triarticulate
triarticulate
biarticulate vs triarticulate
bi: works across two joints
tri: works across three joints (ex. shoulder elbow forearm)
what vessel runs on top of the superior transverse scapular ligament and what runs under it/through the notch
suprascapular nerve travels through notch/ under ligament
suprascapular artery runs above
three types of acromion (which is best)
type I: flat (most healthy/ norm)
type II: curved
type III: hooked (caused by bone spurs/overuse–causes compression of subacromial vessels)
most common to least common rotator cuff injury muscle
supraspin=most common
subscap= least common
what is a partial vs complete rotator cuff tear called
partial: articular/ bursal side tear
complete: full thickness tear (all the way through the tendon)
what is injured in a SLAP injury and where does it start
glenoid labrum (ring of cartilage around shoulder socket/ glenoid) ; starts at 12/1 o clock but can spread
total shoulder abduction ROM is…
180 degrees
early phase of shoulder humoral rotation (degrees)
what is involved
initial 30 degrees of abduction
GHJ only
mid phase of shoulder humoral rotation (degrees)
what is involved
30 degrees to 120 degrees; scapular rotation and GH movement equally 1:1
late phase of shoulder humoral rotation (degrees)
what is involved
120 degrees to 180 degrees
mostly GHJ (2/3:1)
what three ligaments come off coracoid process
coracoacromial
coracohumeral
coracoclavicular (trapezoid and conoid)
separated shoulder and mechanism?
only ac ligament
mechanism: acromioclavicular joint is dislocated but no ligament separation??????
piano key injury and mechanism?
dislocation of ac joint plus rupture of two coracoclavicular ligament (trapezoid and conoid ligaments)
mechanism: ????
if shoulder capsule is bilaterally instable/loose it is…. if unilateral it is….
born loose if bilaterally
torn loose if unilateral
what is a bursa?
synovial membrane goes through fibrous membrane to form bursa
between tendons and fibrous membrane
what are the bursas in the shoulder
subscapular bursa
subacromial bursa
what is the most common direction of shoulder dislocation
anterior (slides forward)
why is the shoulder the most commonly dislocated joint
most ROM
what is subluxation
not complete dislocation
what is a bankart injury
shoulder capsule (glenoid labrum) gets stretched out/ tears
what position does arm need to be in for full ROM (abduction) at glenohumoral joint
palm up to reach ear
linked motions— clavicle
