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Staph Strep Entero Flashcards

1
Q

Is Staphylococcus anaerobic, aerobic, or both

A

Both. Aerobic and anaerobic

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2
Q

Can Staphylococcus grow in a high salt content agar?

A

Yes, it can grow in high salt. (10% NaCl)

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3
Q

What type of life- threatening diseases can Staphylococcus cause?

A

skin, soft tissues, bone, and urinary tract infections

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4
Q

Is Staphylococcus gram positive or gram negative?

A

Gram positive

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5
Q

What type of toxin uses genome and plasmid?

A

Alpha (α) toxin

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6
Q

What type of toxin uses detergent- like action on cell walls?

A

Delta (δ) toxin

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7
Q

What type of toxin uses sphingomyelinase C?

A

Beta (β) toxin

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8
Q

What do Gamma (γ) toxin, P-V leukocidin do to cells?

A

Cell lysis

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9
Q

What is an example of a Exfoliative toxin?

A

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS)

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10
Q

What type of contamination falls under Enterotoxins?

A

contaminated food products.

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11
Q

Why is Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin - 1 (TSST - 1) so horrible?

A

It can penetrate mucosal barriers (systemic infection) and can lead to death due to hypovolemic shock. ( multi-organ failure)

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12
Q

What types of enzymes do Staphylococcal have?

A
  • Coagulase (cell clumps)
  • Hyaluronidase ( hydrolyzes connective tissue)
  • Fibrinolysin (dissolves fibrin clots)
  • Lipases (hydrolyze lipids)
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13
Q

What are some of the clinical signs of Staphylococcus aureus show from cutaneous infections?

A

-Impetigo (blisters or sores)
-Folliculitis (hair follicles
inflammation)
-Furuncles (boils)
-Carbuncles (cluster of boils)

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14
Q

SSSS (Staphylococcal Scalded Skin syndrome) primarily affects what part of the population?

A

Primarily neonates and young children.

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15
Q

Is the mortality rate high or low for SSSS?

A

Low. Death is usually secondary to bacterial infection.

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16
Q

What are some of the symptoms of Staphylococcal food poisoning?

A
  • Vomiting
  • Nausea
  • Diarrhea
  • Abdominal pain
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17
Q

What are some other clinical signs of TSST - 1 ?

A
  • Fever
  • Hypotension(low Blood pressure)
  • Rash
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18
Q

What are some of the organs affected due to TSST - 1?

A

CNS (central nervous system); GI; hematologic; hepatic; muscles; renal (kidney)

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19
Q

What is the proper way to absolve a Staphylococcus aureus carbuncle?

A

By surgical drainage and antibiotics

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20
Q

What additional diseases does S. aureus cause?

A

Bacteremia and endocarditis; Pneumonia; Osteomyelitis and Septic Artritis

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21
Q

What is Pneumonia and who does it affect most?

A

Pneumonia is the aspiration of oral secretions and effects the very young, elderly, and chronically ill

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22
Q

What is Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis?

A

dissemination to bone, secondary infection, or migration from adjacent site.

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23
Q

What could be some clinical signs of Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis?

A

Localized pain in a particular region and high fever. (over 37oC)

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24
Q

What are the clinical signs of Septic arthritis?

A

It is painful, joints are red, and pus is present on aspiration

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25
What is Staphylococcus epidermidis?
It is a major component of the skin flora
26
What type person is affected mostly by S. epidermidis infections?
People with low immunities. (S. epidermidis is an opportunistic bacteria)
27
What type of Staphylococcus strain causes UTI's? (urinary tract infection)
Staphylococcus saprophyticus | S. saprophyticus
28
How would you know that you have S. aureus on a blood agar petri dish?
S. aureus is a beta hemolytic, so it will create rings around the infected site due to cell lysis
29
Can S. aureus ferment mannitol?
Yes
30
How does S. epidermidis look on a sheep blood agar plate?
It would just show the colonies, but with nothing affecting its surroundings.
31
Does S. epidermidis ferment mannitol?
No, it does not ferment mannitol
32
What are the antibiotic therapies usually used for Staphylococcus?
Penicillin, Beta-lactam antibiotics, and the drug of choice is Vancomycin
33
What causes low level of Vancomycin resistance?
Drug may be trapped in cell wall and unable to reach membrane.
34
What causes high level resistance to Vancomycin?
Modified peptidoglycan layer that can't bind Vancomycin. (vanA gene operon from enterococci)
35
Is Streptococcus gram positive or gram negative?
Gram positive
36
What form of respiration does Streptococcus use?
It is a facultative anaerobe
37
Does Streptococcus catalase positive or negative?
Catalase negative
38
Does Staphylococcus catalase positive or negative?
Catalase positive
39
What are the 3 hemolytic patterns seen with Streptococcus?
- Alpha (partial hemolysis) - Beta (complete clearing) - Gamma (no lysis)
40
What are some characteristics of S. pyogenes?
- can avoid phagocytosis - adheres to surface of host cell - invades epithelial cells - produces toxins & enzymes
41
How does S. pyogenes avoid phagocytosis?
- hyaluronic acid capsule | - inactivate complement cascade C3b, C5a
42
How does S. pyogenes adheres to surface of host cells
- Mediated by 10 different antigens | - Lipoteichoic acid, M proteins, and F proteins
43
How does S. pyogenes invades epithelial cells?
- M and F proteins
44
S. pyogenes toxins are?
Exotoxins (SpeA, B,C, and F are heat labile) enhance release of proinflammatory cytokines
45
What type of hemolysis shows with Streptolysin S of S. pyogenes?
Beta hemolysis
46
Streptokinase A and B enzymes causes rapid spread in tissues by?
Cleavage of plasminogen to plasmin, then cleaves fibrin & fibrinogen, which causes the lysis of blood clots and fibrin deposits.
47
DNases A-D causes the breakdown of free DNA in pus which causes?
reduced viscosity and facilitates spread of infection. | alpha-DNase B antibodies important for marker of skin infections
48
What disease does Streptococcus pyogenes cause?
Pharyngitis (strep throat)
49
What are the clinical signs of pharyngitis?
- sore throat, fever, malaise, and headache. - red posterior pharynx with exudate (pus) - diffused red rash on upper chest which spread to extremities (scarlet fever due to exotoxin)
50
When do the signs show after contracting Pharyngitis (strep throat)**S. pygenes**
2 to 4 days after exposure
51
How can S. pyogenes spread?
- By direct contact - Break in skin (bite or scratch) - Blisters
52
What is Eryipelas?
It is an acute skin infection caused by S. pyogenes
53
What is Erysipelas and what are the clinical signs?
It is an acute skin infection | -pain, inflammation, lymph nodes enlarged, fever, chills, leukocytosis
54
Cellulitis created by S. pyogenes is shown by?
local inflammation and other systemic signs (fever, chills)
55
S. pyogenes can cause necrotizing fasciitis. Clinically, what happens to the infected site?
Extensive destruction of muscle, and fat. Tissue then necrodes due to obstructed blood flow ad then causes systemic sypmtoms.
56
What are the possible outcomes from the toxicity S. pyogenes in necrotizing fasciitis?
multiorgan failure and possible death
57
How do you treat necrotizing fasciitis created by S. pyogenes?
Surgical debridement and antibiotic therapy
58
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome affects multiple systems of the body. What are the signs and complications caused?
inflammation at site of infection, pain, fever, chills, malaise, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. After which pain increases, shock, and organ failure.
59
Rheumatic fever (S. pyogenes) occurs when?
after Pharyngeal strep only
60
What type of proteins do Rheumatic fever utilize for infections?
Specific class I M protein types
61
How would you diagnose Rheumatic fever?
Clinical presentation (inflammatory changes in heart, joints, blood vessels, subcutaneous tissues) and evidence of recent S. pyogenes infection
62
Acute glomerulonephritis can occur after?
Pharyngeal or pyodermal strep
63
What are the clinical signs of Acute glomerulonephritis?
- acute inflammation of renal glomeruli | - edema; hypertension; hematuria; protein-urea ( blood & protein in urine)
64
Is S. pyogenes gram negative or gram positive bacteria?
Gram positive cocci, associated with leukocytes in pairs or chains.
65
Once you culture S. pyogenes, where would you test for pharyngitis, impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis?
* pharyngitis- tonsil swab (oropharynx) * Impetigo-puss from closed lesion * Necrotizing fasciitis- blood, tissues
66
S. pyogenes is usually treated with?
Penicillin
67
What antibiotics are S. pyogenes resistant to?
tetracyclines, sulfonamides, erythromycin, macrolides, azithromycin, clarithromycin
68
True or False: S. pyogenes can persist in the oropharynx after treatment.
True
69
S. agalactiae (Group B streptococcus) uses?
* group-specific cell wall (polysaccharide B antigen) * 9 type-specific capsule (polysaccharides) * Surface proteins (c antigen)
70
S. agalactiae is what group type of streptococcus?
Group B Streptococcus
71
S. agalactiae's polysaccharide capsule gives the bacteria ________ factors.
anti-phagocytic
72
S. agalactiae causes early-onset neonatal disease. (1st week of life) What secondary diseases are found?
- Bacteremia - Pneumonia - Meningitis
73
How do you diagnose S. agalactiae?
you must examine CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) to diagnose
74
Bacterial meningitis can cause what complications to occur?
In 15-30% of survivors can have neurological sequelae (blindness, deafness, and/or severe mental retardation. In
75
Late-onset neonatal disease (1 week to 3 months) which is either bacteremia with meningitis, what is the mortality rate and neurological sequelae?
- Low mortality rate | - 25-50% neurological sequelae
76
S. agalactiae can also be found in pregnant women and in older patients with underlying conditions. What are they?
* Pregnant women (during, after pregnancy)- endometriosis, wound infection, UTI * Older patients- bacteremia, pneumonia, bone & joint infections, skin & soft tissue infections
77
What are the results for S. agalactiae through a gram stain?
Gram positive
78
What type of test do you use to identify S. agalactiae in a lab test?
CAMP test; group B strep produces CAMP factor which enhances beta hemolysis of S. aureus
79
What is another test you can use in the lab to identify S. agalactiae and what do the results look like?
You would use a Hippurate hydrolysis test; a positive result turns a dark purple/black.
80
Treatment for S. agalatiae would be?
Penicillin
81
What type of resistance does S. agalactiae possibly have?
Erythromycin and/or Tetracycline. | May use vancomycin if allergic to penicillin. You may also mix penicillin with aminoglycoside.
82
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of?
Pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, and or middle ear infections (otitis media)
83
On an x-ray, how would S. pneumoniae pneumonia look like?
There would be lower lob consolidation in the lungs.
84
S. pneumoniae is _____ hemolytic.
Alpha
85
S. pneumoniae causes pneumolysin. What does that do?
It degrades red blood cells under aerobic conditions
86
How do you diagnose S. pneumoniae?
You would test the spinal fluid through a gram stain or detection of capsular antigen.
87
What are the gram stain results for S. pneumoniae?
Gram positive
88
What other lab test can you use to test for S. pneumoniae?
Bile solubility test. ( S. pneumoniae are lysed by bile)
89
What vaccine can you use for S. pneumoniae?
Anticapsular vaccine; it is less effective in high risk patients (cancer, HIV, immunocompromised)
90
What type of antibiotics can you use to treat S. pneumoniae?
Levofloxacin or vancomycin-ceftriaxone
91
What type of resistances can S. pneumoniae is?
Penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, cephalosporins (like ceftriaxone).
92
Enterococcus is a Group ____ cell wall ______ .
D; antigen
93
Where, on the human body, can you find Enterococcus?
Gut flora
94
What is the most common form of Enterococcus?
E. faecalis
95
What lab test would you use to test for Enterococcus in the lab?
Bile esculin agar (black precipitate)
96
Can Enterococcus grow on salty agar?
Yes, it can grow with 6.5% saline

Pathogenic Microbiology (11 decks)

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