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Pathogenic Microbiology > Staph Strep Entero > Flashcards

Staph Strep Entero Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Is Staphylococcus anaerobic, aerobic, or both

A

Both. Aerobic and anaerobic

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2
Q

Can Staphylococcus grow in a high salt content agar?

A

Yes, it can grow in high salt. (10% NaCl)

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3
Q

What type of life- threatening diseases can Staphylococcus cause?

A

skin, soft tissues, bone, and urinary tract infections

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4
Q

Is Staphylococcus gram positive or gram negative?

A

Gram positive

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5
Q

What type of toxin uses genome and plasmid?

A

Alpha (α) toxin

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6
Q

What type of toxin uses detergent- like action on cell walls?

A

Delta (δ) toxin

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7
Q

What type of toxin uses sphingomyelinase C?

A

Beta (β) toxin

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8
Q

What do Gamma (γ) toxin, P-V leukocidin do to cells?

A

Cell lysis

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9
Q

What is an example of a Exfoliative toxin?

A

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS)

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10
Q

What type of contamination falls under Enterotoxins?

A

contaminated food products.

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11
Q

Why is Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin - 1 (TSST - 1) so horrible?

A

It can penetrate mucosal barriers (systemic infection) and can lead to death due to hypovolemic shock. ( multi-organ failure)

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12
Q

What types of enzymes do Staphylococcal have?

A
  • Coagulase (cell clumps)
  • Hyaluronidase ( hydrolyzes connective tissue)
  • Fibrinolysin (dissolves fibrin clots)
  • Lipases (hydrolyze lipids)
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13
Q

What are some of the clinical signs of Staphylococcus aureus show from cutaneous infections?

A

-Impetigo (blisters or sores)
-Folliculitis (hair follicles
inflammation)
-Furuncles (boils)
-Carbuncles (cluster of boils)

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14
Q

SSSS (Staphylococcal Scalded Skin syndrome) primarily affects what part of the population?

A

Primarily neonates and young children.

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15
Q

Is the mortality rate high or low for SSSS?

A

Low. Death is usually secondary to bacterial infection.

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16
Q

What are some of the symptoms of Staphylococcal food poisoning?

A
  • Vomiting
  • Nausea
  • Diarrhea
  • Abdominal pain
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17
Q

What are some other clinical signs of TSST - 1 ?

A
  • Fever
  • Hypotension(low Blood pressure)
  • Rash
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18
Q

What are some of the organs affected due to TSST - 1?

A

CNS (central nervous system); GI; hematologic; hepatic; muscles; renal (kidney)

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19
Q

What is the proper way to absolve a Staphylococcus aureus carbuncle?

A

By surgical drainage and antibiotics

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20
Q

What additional diseases does S. aureus cause?

A

Bacteremia and endocarditis; Pneumonia; Osteomyelitis and Septic Artritis

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21
Q

What is Pneumonia and who does it affect most?

A

Pneumonia is the aspiration of oral secretions and effects the very young, elderly, and chronically ill

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22
Q

What is Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis?

A

dissemination to bone, secondary infection, or migration from adjacent site.

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23
Q

What could be some clinical signs of Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis?

A

Localized pain in a particular region and high fever. (over 37oC)

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24
Q

What are the clinical signs of Septic arthritis?

A

It is painful, joints are red, and pus is present on aspiration

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25
Q

What is Staphylococcus epidermidis?

A

It is a major component of the skin flora

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26
Q

What type person is affected mostly by S. epidermidis infections?

A

People with low immunities. (S. epidermidis is an opportunistic bacteria)

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27
Q

What type of Staphylococcus strain causes UTI’s? (urinary tract infection)

A

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

S. saprophyticus

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28
Q

How would you know that you have S. aureus on a blood agar petri dish?

A

S. aureus is a beta hemolytic, so it will create rings around the infected site due to cell lysis

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29
Q

Can S. aureus ferment mannitol?

A

Yes

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30
Q

How does S. epidermidis look on a sheep blood agar plate?

A

It would just show the colonies, but with nothing affecting its surroundings.

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31
Q

Does S. epidermidis ferment mannitol?

A

No, it does not ferment mannitol

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32
Q

What are the antibiotic therapies usually used for Staphylococcus?

A

Penicillin, Beta-lactam antibiotics, and the drug of choice is Vancomycin

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33
Q

What causes low level of Vancomycin resistance?

A

Drug may be trapped in cell wall and unable to reach membrane.

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34
Q

What causes high level resistance to Vancomycin?

A

Modified peptidoglycan layer that can’t bind Vancomycin. (vanA gene operon from enterococci)

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35
Q

Is Streptococcus gram positive or gram negative?

A

Gram positive

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36
Q

What form of respiration does Streptococcus use?

A

It is a facultative anaerobe

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37
Q

Does Streptococcus catalase positive or negative?

A

Catalase negative

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38
Q

Does Staphylococcus catalase positive or negative?

A

Catalase positive

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39
Q

What are the 3 hemolytic patterns seen with Streptococcus?

A
  • Alpha (partial hemolysis)
  • Beta (complete clearing)
  • Gamma (no lysis)
40
Q

What are some characteristics of S. pyogenes?

A
  • can avoid phagocytosis
  • adheres to surface of host cell
  • invades epithelial cells
  • produces toxins & enzymes
41
Q

How does S. pyogenes avoid phagocytosis?

A
  • hyaluronic acid capsule

- inactivate complement cascade C3b, C5a

42
Q

How does S. pyogenes adheres to surface of host cells

A
  • Mediated by 10 different antigens

- Lipoteichoic acid, M proteins, and F proteins

43
Q

How does S. pyogenes invades epithelial cells?

A
  • M and F proteins
44
Q

S. pyogenes toxins are?

A

Exotoxins
(SpeA, B,C, and F are heat labile)
enhance release of proinflammatory cytokines

45
Q

What type of hemolysis shows with Streptolysin S of S. pyogenes?

A

Beta hemolysis

46
Q

Streptokinase A and B enzymes causes rapid spread in tissues by?

A

Cleavage of plasminogen to plasmin, then cleaves fibrin & fibrinogen, which causes the lysis of blood clots and fibrin deposits.

47
Q

DNases A-D causes the breakdown of free DNA in pus which causes?

A

reduced viscosity and facilitates spread of infection.

alpha-DNase B antibodies important for marker of skin infections

48
Q

What disease does Streptococcus pyogenes cause?

A

Pharyngitis (strep throat)

49
Q

What are the clinical signs of pharyngitis?

A
  • sore throat, fever, malaise, and headache.
  • red posterior pharynx with exudate (pus)
  • diffused red rash on upper chest which spread to extremities (scarlet fever due to exotoxin)
50
Q

When do the signs show after contracting Pharyngitis (strep throat)S. pygenes

A

2 to 4 days after exposure

51
Q

How can S. pyogenes spread?

A
  • By direct contact
  • Break in skin (bite or scratch)
  • Blisters
52
Q

What is Eryipelas?

A

It is an acute skin infection caused by S. pyogenes

53
Q

What is Erysipelas and what are the clinical signs?

A

It is an acute skin infection

-pain, inflammation, lymph nodes enlarged, fever, chills, leukocytosis

54
Q

Cellulitis created by S. pyogenes is shown by?

A

local inflammation and other systemic signs (fever, chills)

55
Q

S. pyogenes can cause necrotizing fasciitis. Clinically, what happens to the infected site?

A

Extensive destruction of muscle, and fat. Tissue then necrodes due to obstructed blood flow ad then causes systemic sypmtoms.

56
Q

What are the possible outcomes from the toxicity S. pyogenes in necrotizing fasciitis?

A

multiorgan failure and possible death

57
Q

How do you treat necrotizing fasciitis created by S. pyogenes?

A

Surgical debridement and antibiotic therapy

58
Q

Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome affects multiple systems of the body. What are the signs and complications caused?

A

inflammation at site of infection, pain, fever, chills, malaise, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. After which pain increases, shock, and organ failure.

59
Q

Rheumatic fever (S. pyogenes) occurs when?

A

after Pharyngeal strep only

60
Q

What type of proteins do Rheumatic fever utilize for infections?

A

Specific class I M protein types

61
Q

How would you diagnose Rheumatic fever?

A

Clinical presentation (inflammatory changes in heart, joints, blood vessels, subcutaneous tissues) and evidence of recent S. pyogenes infection

62
Q

Acute glomerulonephritis can occur after?

A

Pharyngeal or pyodermal strep

63
Q

What are the clinical signs of Acute glomerulonephritis?

A
  • acute inflammation of renal glomeruli

- edema; hypertension; hematuria; protein-urea ( blood & protein in urine)

64
Q

Is S. pyogenes gram negative or gram positive bacteria?

A

Gram positive cocci, associated with leukocytes in pairs or chains.

65
Q

Once you culture S. pyogenes, where would you test for pharyngitis, impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis?

A
  • pharyngitis- tonsil swab (oropharynx)
  • Impetigo-puss from closed lesion
  • Necrotizing fasciitis- blood, tissues
66
Q

S. pyogenes is usually treated with?

A

Penicillin

67
Q

What antibiotics are S. pyogenes resistant to?

A

tetracyclines, sulfonamides, erythromycin, macrolides, azithromycin, clarithromycin

68
Q

True or False: S. pyogenes can persist in the oropharynx after treatment.

A

True

69
Q

S. agalactiae (Group B streptococcus) uses?

A
  • group-specific cell wall (polysaccharide B antigen)
  • 9 type-specific capsule (polysaccharides)
  • Surface proteins (c antigen)
70
Q

S. agalactiae is what group type of streptococcus?

A

Group B Streptococcus

71
Q

S. agalactiae’s polysaccharide capsule gives the bacteria ________ factors.

A

anti-phagocytic

72
Q

S. agalactiae causes early-onset neonatal disease. (1st week of life) What secondary diseases are found?

A
  • Bacteremia
  • Pneumonia
  • Meningitis
73
Q

How do you diagnose S. agalactiae?

A

you must examine CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) to diagnose

74
Q

Bacterial meningitis can cause what complications to occur?

A

In 15-30% of survivors can have neurological sequelae (blindness, deafness, and/or severe mental retardation.
In

75
Q

Late-onset neonatal disease (1 week to 3 months) which is either bacteremia with meningitis, what is the mortality rate and neurological sequelae?

A
  • Low mortality rate

- 25-50% neurological sequelae

76
Q

S. agalactiae can also be found in pregnant women and in older patients with underlying conditions. What are they?

A
  • Pregnant women (during, after pregnancy)- endometriosis, wound infection, UTI
  • Older patients- bacteremia, pneumonia, bone & joint infections, skin & soft tissue infections
77
Q

What are the results for S. agalactiae through a gram stain?

A

Gram positive

78
Q

What type of test do you use to identify S. agalactiae in a lab test?

A

CAMP test; group B strep produces CAMP factor which enhances beta hemolysis of S. aureus

79
Q

What is another test you can use in the lab to identify S. agalactiae and what do the results look like?

A

You would use a Hippurate hydrolysis test; a positive result turns a dark purple/black.

80
Q

Treatment for S. agalatiae would be?

A

Penicillin

81
Q

What type of resistance does S. agalactiae possibly have?

A

Erythromycin and/or Tetracycline.

May use vancomycin if allergic to penicillin. You may also mix penicillin with aminoglycoside.

82
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of?

A

Pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, and or middle ear infections (otitis media)

83
Q

On an x-ray, how would S. pneumoniae pneumonia look like?

A

There would be lower lob consolidation in the lungs.

84
Q

S. pneumoniae is _____ hemolytic.

A

Alpha

85
Q

S. pneumoniae causes pneumolysin. What does that do?

A

It degrades red blood cells under aerobic conditions

86
Q

How do you diagnose S. pneumoniae?

A

You would test the spinal fluid through a gram stain or detection of capsular antigen.

87
Q

What are the gram stain results for S. pneumoniae?

A

Gram positive

88
Q

What other lab test can you use to test for S. pneumoniae?

A

Bile solubility test. ( S. pneumoniae are lysed by bile)

89
Q

What vaccine can you use for S. pneumoniae?

A

Anticapsular vaccine; it is less effective in high risk patients (cancer, HIV, immunocompromised)

90
Q

What type of antibiotics can you use to treat S. pneumoniae?

A

Levofloxacin or vancomycin-ceftriaxone

91
Q

What type of resistances can S. pneumoniae is?

A

Penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, cephalosporins (like ceftriaxone).

92
Q

Enterococcus is a Group ____ cell wall ______ .

A

D; antigen

93
Q

Where, on the human body, can you find Enterococcus?

A

Gut flora

94
Q

What is the most common form of Enterococcus?

A

E. faecalis

95
Q

What lab test would you use to test for Enterococcus in the lab?

A

Bile esculin agar (black precipitate)

96
Q

Can Enterococcus grow on salty agar?

A

Yes, it can grow with 6.5% saline

Pathogenic Microbiology (11 decks)

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