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Histopath > Staining > Flashcards

Staining Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus/nucleic acid affinity

A

Basic stains

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2
Q

Cytoplasm (basic) affinity

A

Acidic stains

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3
Q

Direct interaction w/ a dye or staining solution

A

Histologic staining

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4
Q 
For hemosiderin (ferric iron)
Deep blue color
A

Perl’s prussian blue

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5
Q

Stains glycogen, mucoproteins, hyaline casts, glomerular basement membrane
Color magenta

A

Periodic acid schiff

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6
Q

Uses aqueous or alcoholic dye solutions (e.g. methylene blue, eosin) to produce a color

A

Direct staining

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7
Q

Uses a mordant or another agent to intensify the action of the dye used
Ex: gram stain, hematoxylin

A

Indirect staining

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8
Q

Serves as a link/bridge b/w the tissue & the dye
Ex:
potassium alum w/ hematoxylin in Ehrlich’s hematoxylin
Iron in weigert’s hematoxylin

A

Mordant

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9
Q

Insoluble tissue mordant dye complex

A

Dye + mordant

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10
Q

Hastens the staining rxn by ⬆️ the staining power & selectivity of the dye
Ex:
Potassium hydroxide in loeffler’s methylene blue
Phenol in carbol thionine & carbol fuchsin

A

Accentuator

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11
Q

No over staining
Tissue elements are stained in definite sequence
No decolorizer is applied

A

Progressive staining

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12
Q

Overstaining is done

A

Regressive staining

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13
Q

Selective removal of excess stain so that a specific substance may stain distinctly from the surrounding tissue
Ex: acid alcohol

A

Decolorizer

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14
Q 
Staining w/ a color that is different from that of the stain itself
All are cationic or basic dyes belonging to thizine & triphenylmethane groups
Ex:
Methyl violet
Bismarck brown
Methylene blue
Toluidine blue
Cresyl blue
A

Metachromatic staining

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15
Q

Important in metachromatic staining

A

Water

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16
Q

Tends to lose the metachromatic stain

A

Alcohol

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17
Q

For contrast & background

A

Counterstaining

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18
Q

Most common counter stain

A

Eosin

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19
Q

Red cytoplasmic stains (EEP)

A

Eosin y
Eosin b
Phloxine b

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20
Q

Yellow cytoplasmic stains (POR)

A

Picric acid
Orange g
Rose bengal

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21
Q

Green cytoplasmic stains (LL)

A

Light green sf

Lissamine green

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22
Q

Red nuclear stains (NSCH)

A

Neutral red
Safranin o
Carmine
Hematoxylin

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23
Q

Blue nuclear stains (MTC)

A

Methylene blue
Toluidine blue
Celestine blue

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24
Q

Demonstration of tissue elements using solutions of metallic salts that are deposited on the tissue surface

A

Metallic impregnation

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25
Q

The selective staining of living cell constituents

A

Vital stains

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26
Q

Resistant to vital stains

Staining of this indicates cell is already dead

A

Nucleus

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27
Q 
Type of vital staining by injecting the dye into any part of the animal body
Ex:
Lithium
Carmine
India ink
A

Intravital staining

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28
Q 
Type of vital staining where it is used immediately after removal of cells from the living body
Ex:
Neutral red
Janus green
Trypan blue
Nile blue
Thionine
Toluidine blue
A

Supravital staining

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29
Q

Best vital dye

A

Neutral red

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30
Q

Natural dye obtained from hematoxylin campechianum: mexican tree

A

Hematoxylin

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31
Q

Active coloring in hematoxylin

A

Hematin

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32
Q

Extracted from coccus cacti: female cochineal bug

A

Cochineal dyes

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33
Q

Demonstration of glycogen: highly specific

Bright red color

A

Best’s carmine

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34
Q

Extracted from lichens
Used for staining elastic fibers of skin
Also the source of litmus paper
Aka taenzer unna method

A

Orcein

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35
Q

Aka coal tar dyes or aniline dyes

Derived from hydrocarbon benzene

A

Synthetic dyes

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36
Q

Substances w/ definite atomic groupings that are capable of producing visible color but not permanent

A

Chromophore

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37
Q

Simple benzene compounds that contain chromophores

A

Chromogens

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38
Q

Substances that are added to a chromogen w/c alters the property of the chromogen by altering its shade, enabling it to form salts w/ another compound & enables it to retain its color in the tissue

A

Auxochrome

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39
Q

Impart color that is permanent

Chromophore + auxochrome

A

Dyes

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40
Q

Most commonly used for histologic studies

Filtered prior to use

A

Hematoxylin

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41
Q

Example of aluminum hematoxylin

Routinely used in nuclear staining

A

Harris hematoxylin

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42
Q

Excellent nuclear stain
Stains mucin
Recommended for bone & cartilage
Glycerin added to slow oxidation & to prolong shelf life of hematoxylin

A

Ehrlich’s hematoxylin

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43
Q

Most commonly used eosin
Soluble in water
Green yellow fluorescence

A

Eosin y

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44
Q

Deeper red color form of eosin

A

Eosin b, erythrosin b

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45
Q

Eosin form soluble in alcohol

A

Eosin s, ethyl eosin

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46
Q

For demonstration of connective tissues ➡️ collagen fibers

Simplest method

A

Van gieson’s stain

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47
Q

Green fluorescence in acridine orange

A

Dna

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48
Q

Red fluorescence in acridine orange

A

Rna

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49
Q

Most popular method for acid mucins

Blue color

A

Alcian blue

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50
Q

Carcinogenic
For staining hemoglobin
In fobt

A

Benzidine

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51
Q

Used as counterstain for gram’s technique, acid fast, pap’s

Used for staining diphtheria organisms

A

Bismarck brown

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52
Q

Best known as an indicator

Stains elastic tissues, amyloid, myelin

A

Congo red

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53
Q

7.2 pH

Used for staining blood to differentiate wbcs & parasites

A

Giemsa stain

54
Q

Also a mordant
For washing out excess mercuric chloride
Oldest stain
Stains amyloid, cellulose, starch, carotenes, glycogen

55
Q

Stains microorganisms & fibrin in tissue sections

A

Gram’s iodine

56
Q

Used as test for glycogen, amyloid & corpora amylacea

A

Lugol’s iodine

57
Q

For demonstrating mitochondria during supravital staining

A

Janus green b

58
Q

Counterstain for ascaris eggs, erythrocytes, bacterial spore stain (fulton schaeffer)

A

Malachite green

59
Q

Used to stain fat ➡️ black

A

Osmium tetroxide

60
Q

Used w/ osmic acid to fix & stain blood & glandular tissues

A

Rhodamine b

61
Q

Used for identification of spirochetes, reticulum, fiber stains

A

Silver nitrate

62
Q

Used as nuclear stain in fixed tissues, stains nissl granules or chromophilic bodies
Most useful and informative stain for plastic embedded tissue sections

A

Toluidine blue

63
Q

Demonstrates neuroglia in frozen sections

A

Victoria blue

64
Q

Property of tissues to be stained w/ fat or oil soluble dyes

A

Sudanophilia

65
Q

Not real dyes

Lack auxochrome

A

Lysochromes

66
Q

Most sensitive of the oil soluble dyes
Stains phospholipids, neutral fats
Black color

A

Sudan black b

67
Q

Aka scharlach r
Most commonly used
Stain neutral fats
Color red

68
Q

1st sudan dye

Less deep, light orange stain

69
Q

Stains neutral fats & lipofucsin

70
Q

Stain for unsaturated fats in frozen section

Acts also as a fixative for EM

A

Osmic acid

71
Q

Pas -

Alcian blue +

A

Acid mucopolysaccharides

72
Q

Alcian blue -

Pas +

A

Neutral mucopolysaccharides

73
Q

Method of choice for glycogen

Color red

A

Pas w/ diastase control

74
Q

Oldest stain for glycogen but obsolete

Color mahogany brown

A

Langhan’s iodine method

75
Q

Most useful metachromatic dye
Fixative: mercuric chloride
Crimson or red violet color

76
Q

Stains encapsulated fungi such as cryptococcus neoformans

Red color

A

Southgate’s mucicarmine technique

77
Q

Most commonly used fixative for aa histochem

A

Neutral buffered formol saline

78
Q

Most common technique for histochemical demonstration of enzymes

A

Metal precipitation

79
Q

For histones & protamines

Green color

A

Alkaline fast green

80
Q

For cystine & cysteine

Blue green color

A

Peracetic acid alcian blue

81
Q

For arginine

Orange red color

A

Sakaguchi’s

82
Q

Most reliable & specific biochem technique for dna

A

Feulgen technique

83
Q

Methyl green pyronin rxn of dna

A

Methyl green

84
Q

Methyl green pyronin rxn of rna

A

Pyronin (red)

85
Q

Most widely used stain for enzyme histochem

A

Fluorescein

86
Q

Most commonly used fluorochrome

A

Acridine orange

87
Q

Most sensitive technique in id of nucleic acids

A

In situ hybridization

88
Q

3 steps in pcr

A

Denaturation
Annealing
Extension/elongation

89
Q

Most abundant ct fiber

90
Q

Insoluble fibrillar protein

91
Q

Eosinophilic material
Identical staining reactions to fibrin
Seen in collagen diseases, hypersensitivity, SLE etc

A

Fibrionoid

92
Q

Wide variety of pathologic exudates & deposits

Stain: PAS (non specifically)

93
Q

Semi translucent, ground glass or hyaline eosinophilic substance composed of chondroitin sulfuric acid protein complex deposited in CT cells, kidney, spleen, adrenals etc.

94
Q

Method of choice for amyloid

Color red

A

Alkaline congo red

95
Q

Fluorescent stain for amyloid

Silver blue/yellow fluorescence

A

Thioflavine

96
Q

Primary stain for bone

97
Q

Standard popular method for collagen in bone

Blue color

A

Masson trichrome

98
Q

Recommended fixative for bone marrow

A

Zenker’s solution

99
Q

Anticoagulant for bone marrow smear

100
Q

All myeloid cells are + except basophils
Lymphocytes & erythroblasts -
Color green to dark blue

A

Peroxidase

101
Q

Demonstrates neuritic plaques & neurofibrillary tangles for alzheimer’s disease

A

Bodian’s

Sevier munger

102
Q

Iron containing pigment of hemoglobin

Yellow to brown granules

A

Hemosiderin

103
Q

Iron free pigment of hemoglobin

Bright yellow pigment

A

Hematoidin

104
Q

Hemoglobin minus the globin molecule

105
Q

Black granule produced by malarial parasites

106
Q

Wear and tear pigment
Seen among elderly patients (liver cells)
Iron free brownish pigment

A

Lipofucsin

107
Q

Most common exogenous pigments
In lung tissue
Appear as jet black pigments on lungs and adjacent lymph nodes
Can be confused with melanin

108
Q

Deposition of carbon in lungs

A

Anthracosis

109
Q

Inhalation of silica

A

Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis

110
Q

For hemosiderin (ferrous iron)
Bright blue color
Rarely used

A

Turnbull’s blue

111
Q

For melanin and argentaffin
Black color
Silver stain

A

Masson fontana

112
Q

Indirect method for calcium

Black color

A

Von kossa’s silver nitrate

113
Q

For copper

Red to orange red color

A

Lindquist’s modified rhodamine technique

114
Q

Recommended mounting medium to prevent copper fading

A

Apathy’s mountant

115
Q

Negative birefringence

Color yellow

A

Monosodium urate

116
Q

Positive birefringence

Blue color

A

Calcium pyrophosphate

117
Q

Used as a counterstain to replace neutral red

A

Twort’s stain

118
Q

For nocardia and actinomyces
Gram positive blue
Gram negative red

A

Brown and brenn

119
Q

For mycobacterium leprae and nocardia

Afb color red

120
Q

For helicobacter

Blue violet color

A

Toluidine blue

121
Q

For legionella and spirochetes

Dark brown to black color

A

Dieterle method

122
Q

For spirochetes

Black color

A

Levaditi’s

123
Q

For spirochetes
Also stains donovan bodies, fungi and bacteria
Black color

A

Modified steiner and steiner

124
Q

For fungi

Sharply outlined black color

A

Grocott methenamine silver

125
Q

For viral inclusions

Bright red color

A

Lendrum’s phloxine tartrazine

126
Q

For hbsag or australia antigen

Brown black color

127
Q

For blood and marrow parasites, toxoplasma, spirochetes

128
Q

First general stain for electron microscopy

A

Phosphotungstic acid

129
Q

Best or superior stain for electron microscopy

A

Uranyl acetate

130
Q

Primary or secondary staining for electron microscopy

131
Q

Normally expressed by central nervous system glial cells especially astrocytes

132
Q

Best screening marker for lymphoma

Aka cd45

A

Leukocyte common antigen

Histopath (12 decks)

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