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HISTOPATH LEC NI GAMMY BEAR > STAINING > Flashcards

STAINING Flashcards

1
Q

The process whereby
tissue components are
made visible in
microscopic sections by
direct interaction with a
dye or staining
solution.

A

STAINING

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2
Q

A colored compound is
used to produce
contrast.

A

STAINING

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3
Q

Physical characteristics can be evaluated.

Structural relationships of tissues and their
cells.

Morphologic changes are more easily
identified.

Presence or absence of disease can be
established.

A

STAINING

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4
Q

Acidic (nucleus)

A

BASIC STAIN

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5
Q

Purified form of a coloring agent or crude
dye that is generally applied in an aqueous
solution

A

HISTOLOGIC STAIN

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6
Q

A chemical compound that reacts with the
stain to form an insoluble, colored
precipitate in the tissue.

Makes the staining reaction possible.

A

MORDANT

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7
Q

Color of stains are not the real color of a
particular tissue.

A

TRUE

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8
Q

Majority/ Routine staining > Hematoxylin &
Eosin.

A

TRUE

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9
Q

nuclear detail

A

hematoxylin

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10
Q

cytoplasmic detail

A

eosin

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11
Q

Paraffin wax is poorly permeable to stains.

A

TRUE

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12
Q

The process whereby the tissue constituents are
demonstrated in sections by direct interaction with a
dye or staining solution

Active tissue component is colored.

A

HISTOLOGICAL STAIN

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13
Q

The process whereby various constituents of tissues
are studied through chemical reactions that permit
microscopic localization of specific tissue substances.

A

HISTOCHEMICAL STAINING

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14
Q

Act as a substrate for the enzyme.

A

REAGENT

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15
Q

From substrate, not the tissue.

A

FINAL COLORATION

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16
Q

A combination of immunologic and histochemical
techniques that allow phenotypic markers to be
detected by antibodies (e.g. polyclonal, monoclonal,
enzyme-labeled or fluorescent-labeled).

A

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL

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17
Q

Visualization of Antigen-antibody complex
○ Antibody conjugated w/ an enzyme >
enzyme catalyze color-producing reaction
○ Antibody w/ fluorophore

A

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL

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18
Q

a.k.a.
“simple stainingˮ

● Uses aqueous or alcoholic dye solutions (e.g.
methylene blue, eosin) to produce a color.

● Only 1 dye, washed away after 3060 sec.

A

DIRECT STAINING

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19
Q

Uses a mordant or another agent to intensify the
action of the dye used.

A

INDIRECT

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20
Q

Serves as a link or bridge between the tissue and the
dye.

A

INDIRECT + MORDANT

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21
Q

The dye may stain weakly by itself, therefore the
mordant combines with the dye forming a colored
“lakeˮ which would combine with the tissue forming an
insoluble “tissue-mordant-dye-complexˮ which would
allow subsequent counterstaining and dehydration to
be easy.

A

INDIRECT + MORDANT

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22
Q

Not essential and does not participate in the
chemical reaction of the tissue and dye

A

INDIRECT + ACCENTUATOR

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23
Q

Accelerates the speed of the staining reaction by
increasing the staining power and selectivity of the
dye.

A

INDIRECT + ACCENTUATOR

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24
Q

Tissue elements are stained in a definite sequence.

● The staining with specific periods of time or until
desired color is attained.

● Not washed or decolorized.

● The distinction of tissue detail relies solely on the
selective affinity of the dye for various cellular
elements.

A

PROGRESSIVE

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25
Q

Tissue overstained initially to obliterate cellular
details.

● Excess stain is removed or decolorized from
unwanted tissue parts until the desired color is
obtained.

● Routine H&E for microanatomical studies.

A

REGRESSIVE

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26
Q

The selective removal of excess stain from the tissue
during regressive staining so that specific substance
may stain distinctly from the surrounding tissue.

A

DIFFERENTIATION OR DECOLORIZATION

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27
Q

Uses more than one stain for differentiation.

Usually done by washing the section in simple solution
(e.g. water or alcohol) or use of acids and oxidizing
agents.

A

DIFFERENTIATION
DECOLORIZATION

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28
Q

Primary stain= basic dye

A

differentiation = acidic solution

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29
Q

Primary stain = acidic dye
Differentiation = alkaline solution

A

TRUE

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30
Q

Differentiator for both acidic and basic dyes by
dissolving excess dye,

A

ALCOHOL

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31
Q

A differentiating agent.
● Can oxidize hematoxylin to a soluble, colorless
compound.

A

MORDANT

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32
Q

Disadvantage: if a mordant stained section is allowed
to remain in a differentiating agent such as 1% or 2%
alcohol, all of the dye will be removed.

A

MORDANT

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33
Q

Makes use of specific dyes which differentiate
particular substances by staining it with a color that is
different from that of the stain itself (metachromasia)

A

METACHROMATIC STAINING

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34
Q

Usually employed in staining cartilage, connective
tissue, epithelial mucins, amyloid and mast cell
granules.

A

METACHROMATIC

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35
Q

necessary for most metachromatic staining
techniques

A

WATER

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36
Q

Usually lost if the section is dehydrated in
alcohol after staining.

Satisfactorily seen in formalin-fixed tissues.

A

METACHROMASIA

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37
Q

Belongs to thizine and triphenylmethane groups:

A

METACHROMATIC DYES BASIC

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38
Q

process where specific tissue elements are
demonstrated not by stains but by colorless solutions
of metallic salts which are thereby reduced by the
tissue > opaque, black deposits on the surface

A

METALLIC IMPREGANTION

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39
Q

It is not absorbed by the tissues, could be a
precipitate or a reduction product on certain tissues.

A

METALLIC IMPREGNATION

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40
Q

The selective staining of living cell constituents.

A

VITAL

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41
Q

Demonstrates cytoplasmic structures.

A

VITAL

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42
Q

By engulfment/phagocytosis of the dye particle

A

VITAL

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43
Q

By staining of pre-existing cellular components.

A

VITAL

44
Q

excluded by living tissue, but taken
● up by dead cells. (staining of RES w/ trypan blue)

A

VITAL

45
Q

Nucleus is resistant to vital stains.

A

TRUE

46
Q

injecting the dye into
any part of the body

● Examples: lithium,
carmine and India ink

A

INTRAVITAL

47
Q

Used immediately after
removal of cells from the
living body

● Supravital stains: taken up
by living cells, may be toxic
> dilute amounts only

● Examples: Neutral red
(best), Janus green
(mitochondria), Trypan
blue, Nile blue, Thionine
and Toluidine Blue

A

SUPRAVITAL

48
Q

Application of a different color or stain to provide
contrast and background to the staining of the
structural components to be demonstrated.

A

COUNTERSTAINING

49
Q

EOSIN Y
EOSIN B
PHLOXINE B

A

Red

50
Q

PICRIC ACID
ORANGE G
ROSE BENGAL

A

yellow

51
Q

Lt. green sf
lissamine green

A

green

52
Q

NEUTRAL RED
SAFRANIN
CARMINE

A

RED NUCLEAR STAINS

53
Q

METHYLENE
TOLUIDINE
CELESTINE
HEMATOXYLIN

A

BLUE NUCLEAR

54
Q

Clear paraffin embedded sections in first xylene bath
for 3 minutes.

A

FIRST STEP

55
Q
  1. Transfer to a second xylene bath for 2 to 3 minutes.
  2. Immerse in the first bath of absolute ethyl alcohol for
    2 minutes.
A
56
Q

Transfer to a bath of 95% ethyl alcohol for 1 to 2
minutes

A

REHYDRATION

57
Q
  1. Rinse in running water for a minute.
  2. Stain with Harris Alum Hematoxylin for 5 minutes
    (Ehrlichʼs hematoxylin requires 1530 minutes).
A

T

58
Q

blue to blue black

A

NUCLEI

59
Q

KARYOSOME

A

DRK BLUE

60
Q

CYTOPLASM

A

pale pink

61
Q

RBCs, eosinophilic granules,
keratin

A

bright orange red

62
Q

Calcium and decalcified bone

A

purplish blue

63
Q

Decalcified bone matrix, collage,
and osteoid

A

PINK

64
Q

Muscle fibers

A

deep pink

65
Q

Similar to paraffin sections although duration may be
shorter.

Sections may be mounted in aqueous medium directly
from water.

Stained by picking up sections on albuminized slide ff
by quick drying or direct staining on a wet slide using
a dropper.

A

FROZEN SECTION

66
Q

Possible staining methods
○ Hematoxylin-Eosin method
○ Thionine method
○ Polychrome Methylene Blue method
○ Alcoholic Pinacyanol method

A

FROZEN SECTION

67
Q

Stains may be used again as long as they have their
staining properties

A

TRUE

68
Q

Derived from plants and animals Mostly plants)
○ Hematoxylin;
○ Cochineal dyes ;
○ Orcein;
○ Saffron.

A

NATURAL DYE

69
Q

Hematoxylin campechianum (tree)

deep rd or violet in color

A

HEMATOXYLIN

70
Q

Hematoxylin campechianum (tree)

deep rd or violet in color

A

HEMATOXYLIN

71
Q

Require oxidation of
hematoxylin through the
process of“Ripeningˮ

active coloring agent

A

HEMATIN

72
Q

Powerful nuclear and chromatin
staining capacity

● Polychrome property (produced with
differentiation)

● Not a true basic dye

A

HEMTOXYLIN

73
Q

Frequently used with mordants
○ Alum, Iron, Chromium, Copper

A

HEMATOXYLIN

74
Q

Expose the substance to air and sunlight

A slow process, 34 months

A

NATURAL RIPENING

75
Q

Hydrogen peroxide, mercuric oxide, potassium permanganate, Sodium perborate,
sodium iodate

Used immediately > shorter shelf-life

A

ARTIFICIAL RIPENING OR CHEMICAL OXIDATION

76
Q

Excessive oxidation > production of useless compound

A

OVER RIPENING

77
Q

cochineal bug (Coccus cacti)

A

COCHINEAL

78
Q

COCHINEAL + ALUM

A

CARMINE DYE

79
Q

COCHINEAL + PICRIC ACID

NEUROPATHOLOGICAL STAIN

A

PICROCARMINE

80
Q

COCHINEAL + ALUMINUM CHLORIDE

DEMONSTRATION OF GLYCOGEN

A

BEST CARMINE

81
Q

Colorless, treated with ammonia,
exposed to air > blue or violet color
● Weak acid, soluble in alkali
● Used for staining elastic fibers

A

ORCEIN

82
Q

Vegetable dye (lichens)

A

ORCEIN

83
Q

“coal tar dyesˮ

● Derived from hydrocarbon benzene.

Collectively known as “Aniline dyesˮ

A

ARTIFICIAL DYE

84
Q

coloring property

A

CHROMOPHORE

85
Q

dyeing property

A

AUXICHROME

86
Q

Attached to a benzene ring

A

chromophore and auxochrome

87
Q

Substances that are capable of producing visible color but is not permanent and
can be easily removed.
● From chromogens

A

CHROMOPHORE

88
Q

Substances that are added to a chromogen, which alter the property of the
chromogen by altering its shade, enabling it to form salts with another compound
and enables it to retain its color in the tissue.

A

AUXOCHROME

89
Q

affinity to cytoplasm

A

ACID

90
Q

affinity to the nucleus

A

BASIC

91
Q

Formed by combining aqueous solutions of acid and basic dyes.
● Stains the cytoplasm and nucleus simultaneously and Differentially.
○ Since they are composed of acid and basic, they stain almost everything.
● Insoluble to barely soluble in water, soluble in alcohol.

A

NEUTRAL

92
Q

Progressive and regressive staining.

A

aluminum hematoxylin

93
Q

sodium iodate

A

ERLICHS

94
Q

Stains mucopolysaccharide
substances (e.g. cartilages,
cement lines of bones), tissues
subjected in acid decalcification,
tissues stored in formalin

● Problem: not an ideal stain for
frozen sections

A

ERLICHS

95
Q

Good regressive stain
● Routine stain for nuclear staining

Dark purple color when ripened
with mercuric chloride

A

HARRIS

96
Q

Needs filtering prior to use

Ripened with alcoholic iodine

A

COLE

97
Q

Regressive and progressive stain

Nuclear counterstain

sodium iodate din parang erlichs

A

MAYER

98
Q

Used only for differential or regressive staining.
○ Not used for progressive staining since it will cause intense colorization.
● Produce blue-black lakes.
● Iron is an active oxidizing agent.
● May be used for all fixatives.

A

IRON HEMATOXYLIN

99
Q

Standard iron hematoxylin.
● Used in demonstrating muscle
fibers and connective tissue.

A

WEIGERTS

100
Q

Regressive staining > for nuclear
and cytoplasmic inclusions

A

HEIDENHAINS

101
Q

Color: reddish brown to purple
● Nuclei, Fibrin, Muscle striations
(blue)
● Bone and cartilage (orange-red,
brownish-red to deep brick-red
stain)

Natural ripening achieved with
light and air.

PROGRESSIVE

A

PTAH

102
Q

A red acid dye that combines w/ Hgb > orange
● Routinely used as a counterstain after hematoxylin and before methylene blue
● Stains connective tissues and cytoplasm differentially
● Mostly used for demonstrating cytoplasmic detail

A

EOSIN

103
Q

Deeper red color

A

EOSIN B, ERYTHROSIN B

104
Q

EOSIN S, EOSIN ALCOHOLSOLUBLE

A

ETHYL EOSIN

105
Q

RARELY USED TODAY

A

EOSIN B AND S

106
Q

Combination of eosin and methylene blue.

● Variants:
○ Wrightʼs;
○ Giemsa;
○ Jennerʼs stain;
○ Leishman stain.

Used for blood or bone marrow > different types of WBC can be readily distinguished.

A

ROMANOWSKY STAIN

HISTOPATH LEC NI GAMMY BEAR (6 decks)

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