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HISTOPATH LEC NI GAMMY BEAR > HISTOPATH UNIT 7-10 > Flashcards

HISTOPATH UNIT 7-10 Flashcards

1
Q

Cellosolve is used as an embedding medium.

A

False (Cellosolve is a dehydrating agent)

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2
Q

Test tubes is one of the possible embedding
molds.

A

TRUE
small fragments

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3
Q

After embedding, 10 ̊C temperature prevents
cracking of the tissue block

A

TRUE

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4
Q

Process of saturating the tissue with a medium,
usually liquid paraffin, to permeate or fill up the natural
cavities, spaces, and interstices of the tissue

A

IMPREGNATION

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5
Q

A suitable embedding mold is filled with the molten
wax, the tissue is placed in it and oriented so it is
sectioned in the proper plane.

A

embedding

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6
Q

Wax to be used must contain no trace of
clearing agent, dust particles, and must be
rapidly cooled to reduce the wax crystal
size.

A

TRUE

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7
Q

A variety of molds can be used depending on the
technician’s preference.

A

TRUE

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8
Q

Pertains to how you would like the tissue to
appear in the slide.

A

Orientation

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9
Q

The tissue is oriented below the block.
■ Cut at the bottom: tissue block will
be at the front and the block will be
at the back.

A

TRUE

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10
Q

When dealing with tissue blocks, always
orient the

A

wider side facing down

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11
Q

There are two sides: select the side
with the most significant
pathologic findings.

A

TRUE

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12
Q

For hollow organs (like the intestine,
fallopian tube, aorta, uterus, or vena cava,
etc), orient the tissue so that it will be cut in

A

cross section

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13
Q

Take Note: tips of forceps are heated in an
alcohol lamp or in a forceps warmer, tips
should be hot enough so paraffin does not
solidify, but not so hot as to cause paraffin to
smoke.

A

TRUE

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14
Q

Fill the bottom of the mold with a small amount of
paraffin. The depth of the mold should be at least

A

TWICE THE THICKNESS

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15
Q

Pick up tissue, and place into the mold. Manipulation of the tissue in the mold must be quick, so paraffin does not begin to harden

A

TRUE

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16
Q

After tissue is in the mold, fill the mold entirely with the paraffin. As the paraffin begins to harden, insert a code number label; the label should not go down to the bottom of the paraffin.

A

TRUE

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17
Q

Allow the surface of the paraffin block to harden, then immerse the mold into a shallow, cool(______ ̊ C) water bath for about _______to hasten the solidification of the paraffin

A

10 degrees
10-15 minutes

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18
Q

temp to prevent cracking of the tissue
block

A

10

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19
Q

The paraffin will appear clear and homogeneous and there is no layering of the paraffin. Paraffin
demonstrating these conditions is best for sectioning.

A

TRUE
CLEAR AND HOMOGENOUS

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20
Q

Rapidly converted from solid to liquid form on heating.

● Permeates the tissue in a liquid state.
● Solidifies relatively quickly on cooling.

A

PARAFFIN

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21
Q

Becomes fluid on heating to a temperature which will not damage the tissue.

● When the paraffin solidifies it becomes firm enough to section at room temperature.

A

paraffin

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22
Q

melting point

A

55 degrees

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23
Q

Time of infiltration and subsequent embedding are
relatively short for small pieces of tissue.

★ Thin sections can be cut with the rotary microtome and sections will adhere to each other to form a ribbon.

★ Tissue once infiltrated and embedded can be stored in a dry condition indefinitely without damage to the
tissue

A

advantages of paraffin

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24
Q

Mixture of highly purified paraffin and
synthetic plastic polymers.

SUBSTITUTE OF PARAFFIN WAX

A

paraplast

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25
Q

It is less brittle and less compressible than
Paraplast. It is a semisynthetic wax
recommended for embedding eyes.

A

embeddol

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26
Q

Has a lower melting point(46-48°C), but it is
harder than paraffin.

It is not soluble in water, but is soluble in
95% Ethyl Alcohol and other clearing
agents

A

ester wax (46-48)

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27
Q

With melting points of 38-42°C or 45-56°C

○ A polyethylene glycol, is suitable for many
enzyme histochemical studies.
○ Cytologic details are excellently preserved.

A

water soluble waxes
38-42
45-46

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28
Q

Histotechnologists may experience an
unpleasant and annoying oyster or garlic
taste.

A

DMSO

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29
Q

Elastic and resilient.

A

Highly purified paraffin waxes with DMSO
(dimethylsulfoxide)

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30
Q

Distortion of the histology of the tissue due to
shrinkage may occur, especially when sections are
being attached to glass slides (paraffin artifact).
☹ Sectioning of paraffin is difficult at high temperatures.
☹ Time for infiltration of large blocks of tissue is
excessive.
☹ Attachments of paraffin to the tissue.

A

DISADAVNTAGES OF PARAFFIN

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31
Q

Amorphous, slightly yellowish substance.
● Purified form of collodion or nitro-cellulose.
● For hard tissue specimens.
● For bigger cuts.
● 2 methods:

A

CELLOIDIN: WET CELLOIDIN AND DRY

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32
Q

Does not require heat;
★ Has a rubbery consistency;
★ Minimal distortion of specimen.

A

advantages of celloidin

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33
Q

Difficult to cut thin sections;
☹ Serial sections are difficult to prepare;
☹ Slow process
☹ Blocks and sections must be stored in 70% alcohol
otherwise they become discolored, dry, and shrunken.

A

disadvantages of celloidin

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34
Q

Low viscosity; allows higher concentration to be
used.
★ Greater speed of impregnation.
★ Final block is harder, allowing thinner sections to be cut.
★ Has a greater water tolerance than celloidin.

A

LVN

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35
Q

Have a tendency to crack down during handling and
staining.
● Take Note: use 0.5% oleum ricini (castor oil)
to minimize this tendency.
Envelopes tissues and prevents it
from breaking.

☹ Highly explosive.

A

DISADVANTAGES OF LVN
USE 0.5% oleum ricini castor oil

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36
Q

Tissue is first impregnated with celloidin, and
subsequently blocked in paraffin wax.

A

double embedding

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37
Q

Used in dealing with hard tissues.
○ Hard to ribbon, usually becomes brittle.
● For maintenance of the morphological appearance of the tissue.
● Serial sections are easily prepared.
● Extra degree of resilience is given when cutting hard
tissues.

A

double embedding

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38
Q

Main use is in double embedding technique with ester wax or paraffin wax

A

AGAR

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39
Q

Cohesive agent for multiple fragments or friable tissue
● Also an embedding medium, but the consistency is harder = higher ratio → more agar, less water.

A

AGAR

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40
Q

Has a lower melting point than agar.
● Main use in the production of whole organ sections
● For friable tissues

A

gelatin

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41
Q

Tissue can be embedded directly from water.
● However, it is restricted, due to the violent diffusion
currents which can lead to the complete
fragmentation of the section.

A

water soluble waxes

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42
Q

EPOXY
POLYESTER
ACRYLIC

A

plastic embedding medium

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43
Q

Reduces antigenicity, toxic, and
damages tissue.
● Examples:
○ Bisphenol A(Araldite);
○ Glycerol(Epon);
○ Cyclohexene dioxide(Spurr).

A

EPOXY

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44
Q

Not often used in plastic embedding mediums

A

polyester

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45
Q

Used extensively for light
microscopy.
● MMA
● GMA

A

acrylic

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46
Q

are used to provide shape and contain the
embedding mediums and tissue, allowing it to form upon
cooling.

A

molds

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47
Q

Molds for routine work and are widely used.
● Consist of 2 L-shaped pieces of metal.
● Arranged on a glass metal plate to form a mold of
desired size.

A

leuckharts embedding mold

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48
Q

One of the oldest. Size is dependent on orientation or
the distance of one from the other.
● One of the reusable molds.

A

leuckharts embedding mold

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49
Q

Consist of a series of interlocking plates resting on a
flat metal base, forming several compartments.
● Has the advantage of embedding more specimens at a time.
● Dividers are placed in squares to fit the tissue making
it a tissue block.

A

compound embedding unit

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50
Q

Used in positioning histological tissues accurately in
base molds.

● Compatible with most commonly-used processing and storage systems.

● Rings are precision-molded from premium-grade,
chemically-inert, high impact polystyrene for
dimensional rigidity and sturdiness.

A

plastic embedding ring and base mold

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51
Q

Embedding rings are
not reusable, and it
comes with the tissue
block

A

EMBEDDING RINGS

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52
Q

Replacement of
embedding ring:

A

cassette

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53
Q

Molds are placed
inside the embedding
ring and the tissue
goes down directly to
the mold. Then, it will
be filled up by
paraffin.

A

embedding ring

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54
Q

reusable.
● The lid is disposable.
○ Stays with the
tissue, can’t be
disposed without
disposing tissue.

A

BASE MOLDS

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55
Q

Made from thick paper or cardboard paper.
○ Laminated paper like from the magazines.
● Cheap to make and allow blocks to be stored without being removed.
● Provide easy and accurate identification of
specimens, thereby avoiding confusion and
interchange of tissue blocks.
● Not reusable.

A

paper boat

56
Q

Convenient molds for busy routine laboratory, one
block being embedded in each compartment.

● Blocks are easily removed by flexing the plastic trays and by smearing the inside of the mold with glycerin or liquid paraffin.

A

plastic ice tray

57
Q

Once the wax has solidified, the plastic walls
are peeled off one at a time, giving perfect
blocks that require no trimming.

○ They can be placed directly in the chuck of
the microtome.

A

peel a way

58
Q

Ideal for embedding fragmentary biopsies.
● Not essential to smear them with glycerin.
● However, blocks are hard to remove.

A

watch glass

59
Q

Used for small fragments which have been processed
(e.g. Bone marrow) which concentrates them without
the damage caused by orientation with forceps.

A

test tubes

60
Q

● Disadvantage: often necessary to break the tube to remove the block.

A

test tubes

61
Q

Used for embedding tissue intended for EM
microscopy.

A

epon resin
methacrylate plastic resin

62
Q

All layers in
transverse sections

A

tubular tissues

63
Q

All layers should
come

A

skin

64
Q

Keep in center

A

endometrial cutting

65
Q

Keep diagonally

A

long tissues

66
Q

All layers should
come

A

intestine

67
Q

All layers should
come

A

intestine

68
Q

Swiss

A

membrane

69
Q

Low Viscosity Nitrocellulose is highly explosive.

A

true

70
Q

Blocks are easily removed by smearing the inside
of the mold with glycerin.

A

true

71
Q

Tissues should not reach the edges during
embedding.

A

true

72
Q

The removal of excess wax from the paraffin block to
expose the tissue surface in preparation for actual
cutting.

A

trimming

73
Q

Sometimes referred to as ‘facing’ or ‘rough cutting’

A

trimming

74
Q

End product of sectioning:

A

tissue ribbon

75
Q

Process of placing the tissue ribbon to the
slide

A

fishig out in the water bath

76
Q

Floatation water bath is 3-5 degrees lower
than the melting point because it allows the
paraffin together with the tissues to
smoothen, causing the disappearance of the
wrinkles,

A

TRUE
3 to 5 degrees

77
Q

The most desirable block face does not exceed
0.5mm.

A

TRUE

78
Q

The sides, top and bottom of the tissue block are
trimmed until perfectly level and all sides are parallel,
almost to the edge of the tissue.

A

TRUE

79
Q

The paraffin between the sample and surface of the
block needs to be removed by trimming, first by hand
and latter with the microtome by making sections until
the first section with tissue appears.

A

TRUE

80
Q

An _______ may be used for this procedure,
but it must still be relatively sharp to avoid damage to
the tissue.

A

old knife or blade

81
Q

We must “sculpt” the paraffin block in order to make a
truncated pyramid with a trapezoidal upper surface,
the surface to be cut.

A

TRUE

truncated pyramid with a trapezoidal upper surface,

82
Q

Tissue block has a definite shape:

A

truncated

83
Q

○ Truncation is needed for ease in sectioning.

A

TRUE

84
Q

It should be trapezoidal because the longest edge of
the upper surface is the first to be cut, whereas the
smaller edge will be the last.

A

TRUE
TRAPEZOIDAL

85
Q

Both edges need to be parallel. In this way, the large
edge for a new section displaces the previous section,
which is attached to the blade by the shorter edge.

A

TRUE
PARALLEL

86
Q

Paraffin blocks are cooled prior to trimming.

A

TRUE

87
Q

Done on the microtome at approximately 15-30
microns at a time until the entire tissue surface is
exposed.

A

COARSE TRIMMING
15-30 microns

88
Q

Depending upon the size and orientation of the tissue
● sample, shave conservatively into the block surface
taking appropriate cuts that may measure between
4-60 mm.
● Samples of small biopsy tissue may be trimmed only
to the depth of the first representation of several
levels that will be collected.
● When using the coarse feed, avoid cutting
unintentional thick sections as this will damage the
knife and possibly the block face.

A

COARSE TRIMMING

89
Q

agressive trimming will cause

A

moth hole artifacts

90
Q

moth hole artifacts are caused by

A

aggresive trimming

91
Q

After coarse trimming, a _______ is held
between the tissue block and the block holder until the
wax begins to melt. The spatula is then withdrawn and
the block is gently pressed into position.

A

TRUE
heated spatula
until wax begins to melt

92
Q

The block is allowed to harden for cutting proper by
facing them down in ice cold water or refrigerator for
________

A

5-10 minutes.

93
Q

Placing blocks in a freezer can cause ________, where the friable tissue
separates from the surrounding wax
cohesive sections become difficult to obtain.

A

surface cracking

94
Q

Re-chilling of the block may be required if the block
face becomes warm or if deeper levels are required.

A

TRUE

95
Q

May be done by either setting the thickness adjuster
at 15 mm or by advancing the block using the coarse
feed mechanism.

A

FINE TRIMMING

96
Q

The knife is usually tilted at 0-15° angulation on a
microtome to allow a clearance angle between the
cutting facet and the tissue block.

A

FINE TRIMMING

97
Q

require smaller clearance angles
than wedge-shaped knives.

A

BICONCAVE KNIVES

98
Q

Clearance angle and the tissue section:

A

indirect relationship

99
Q

The higher the clearance angle, the thinner the
section.

A

TRUE
HIGHER, THINNER

100
Q

The lower the clearance angle, the thicker the
section.

A

TRUE
lower, thicker

101
Q

Bevel angle and the blade:

A

indirect

102
Q

The lesser the bevel angle, the sharper the
blade will be.

A

lesser, shraper

103
Q

Problem:

On trimming, tissue
smells of clearing
agent.

A

Reason: Clearing agent not
completely
removed due to
insufficient
Impregnation.

104
Q

Problem: Tissue shrinks
away from wax
when trimmed.

A

Insufficient dehydration
Repeat the whole
procedure.

105
Q

Problem:
On trimming, wax
appears
crystalline.

A

Contaminated wax

Block not cooled
rapidly enough

106
Q

Problem:
On trimming, wax
appears
crystalline.

A

Contaminated wax

Block not cooled
rapidly enough

107
Q

Excess plastic surrounding the tissue must be trimmed
away in a fashion that will yield a square or
rectangular sections.

A

TRUE
SQUARE OR RECTANGULAR

108
Q

The capsule mold must be trimmed to a pyramid
where the pyramid tip and sides are exposed tissue.

A

TRUE
PYRAMID -capsule

109
Q

The angle of the pyramid sides (facets) should be
about

A

45

110
Q

In general, the smaller the block, the easier it will be
to section.

A

TRUE
SMALLER, EASIER

111
Q

The most desirable block face does not exceed

A

0.5 mm

112
Q

The ideal shape of of trimmed blocks

A

trapezoid

113
Q

The top and bottom edges of the block must be
parallel

A

TRUE
PARALLEL

114
Q

The left and right sides of the block are angled so that
the top edge is shorter than the bottom edge.

A

TRUE
TOP EDGE SHORTER THAN BOTOTM

115
Q

is the process of cutting the
tissue block into slices or sections.

A

sectioning

116
Q

Sections are usually cut from ______um in thickness for
routine histologic procedures with the use of a
microtome.

A

4-6 thickness um

117
Q

most common type of microtome

A

ROTARY

118
Q

set at a
temperature of 5°C-10°C lower than the melting point
of paraffin wax

A

floatation water bath

119
Q

If the sections are too wrinkled, the ______
alcohol solution to the water bath can remedy this
prior to placing it onto the slide.

A

addition of 70%

120
Q

Smoothened tissue will be properly oriented on the
slide by submerging the slide into the water bath at
approximately ________and directly under the
section.

A

45° angle

121
Q

usually, is added in the water bath. However, this
technique is avoided as it enhances the growth of
bacteria and fungi in the floatation water bath.

A

GELATIN

122
Q

may be used by simply dipping
the slide into the albumin solution or by subbing (with
the use of ulnar and smallest finger).

A

albumin

123
Q

The slide with section should be drained in a _______
position on a paper towel prior to placing them onto a
warming plate or slide dryer to prevent the production
of air bubbles under the tissue and thus prevent
decreasing the adhesion of section to the slide.

A

VERTICAL

124
Q

Warming plate or slide dryer should have a

A

temperature of 37°C-40°C (warm overnight) or 58°C
(20-30 minutes warming

125
Q

Warming plate or slide dryer should have a

A

temperature of 37°C-40°C (warm overnight) or 58°C
(20-30 minutes warming

126
Q

Discard the incomplete section and pick up one end of
the complete section either with a camel’s hairbrush, a
pair of forceps, or the fingers.

A

TRUE
CAMELS HAIRBRUSH
FORCEPS
FINGERS

127
Q

Float out a section on a floatation water bath set at

A

45°C-50°C(10°C lower than the melting point of wax).

128
Q

Place the glass slide with the tissue section in an oven
to dry. The oven should be

A

37

129
Q

process of coloring the transparent
tissue sections for the purpose of optically
differentiating the cells and tissue constituents of the
specimen microscopically.

A

STAINING

130
Q

reversal process

used what

A

deparaffinization with clearing agents

131
Q

use of descending grades of alcohol

A

rehydration

132
Q

The most common staining method used in the
histopathology laboratory is the

This method is used as a routine
staining technique as it can easily color the cytoplasm,
nucleus, and organelles.

A

Hematoxylin and
Eosin(H&E) method.

133
Q

collagenous connective tissue of the skin;

A

MASSONS

134
Q

stain Pneumocystis or Aspergillus spp. in the
lungs;

A

GMS

135
Q

stain glycogen,
glycoproteins, and proteoglycans

A

PAS

136
Q

to stain muscle fibers,
collagen, and nuclei, among others

A

COMORI

137
Q

Dehydrate with ascending grades of alcohol,

A

TRUE
ASCENDING

HISTOPATH LEC NI GAMMY BEAR (6 decks)

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