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STAINING Flashcards

1
Q

dye that are obtained from plants and animals

A

natural dyes

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2
Q

natural dye example

A

hematoxylin

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3
Q

hematoxylin tree source

A

heartwood (Haematoxylum campechianum)

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4
Q

active coloring substance of the hematoxylin, ripened/oxidized

A

hematein

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5
Q

what is needed to stain tissues with hematein?

A

mordant

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6
Q

stain + mordant + tissues =

A

dye lake

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7
Q

dye extracted from female cochineal bug (Coccus cacti)

A

cochineal dye

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8
Q

cochineal dye + alum

A

carmine stain (chromatin stain)

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9
Q

used for neuropathological studies

A

picrocarmine (carmine + picric acid)

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10
Q

used for demonstration of mucins and Cryptococcus neoformans

A

mucicarmine (carmine + alum hydroxide)

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11
Q

used for demonstration of glycogen

A

best’s carmine (carmine + aluminum chloride)

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12
Q

also known as coal tar dyes, derived from benzene

A

synthetic dyes

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13
Q

synthetic dyes are collectively known as

A

aniline dyes

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14
Q

benzene + chromphore

A

chromogen (temporary until auxochrome)

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15
Q

chromogen + auxochrome

A

dye

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16
Q

function of auxochrome

A

responsible for dyeing property

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17
Q

function of chromophore

A

responsible for coloring property

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18
Q

dye modifier groups:

A

ethyl groups
methyl groups
sulphonic groups

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19
Q

chromophore groups:

A

quinoid ring
azo groups
xanthene
quinone-imine group

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20
Q

auxochrome groups:

A

cationic auxochrome: amino

anionic auxochrome: hydroxyl and carboxyl

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21
Q

dye to tissue mechanisms:

majority of tissue-dye reactions

A

electrostatic

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22
Q

stains that use electrostatic:

A

neutral red

light green

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23
Q

stains that use hydrogen bonding:

A

congo red, carmine, weigert-type resorcinol dye

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24
Q

gold standard for amyloid demonstration

A

congo red

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25
Q

stains that use van der waals forces:

A

alum hematoxylin solutions

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26
Q

stains that use physical staining:

A

sudan dyes

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27
Q

property of tissues to be stained with fat or oil-soluble dyes, regardless of the type of dye used, due to their essential lipid nature

A

sudanophilia

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28
Q

stains that use natural affinity:

A

janus green

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29
Q

methods of staining:

accdg to presence of mordant

gives color to the sections by using simple aqueous or alcoholic dye solutions

A

direct staining

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30
Q

direct staining example:

A

methylene blue

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31
Q

methods of staining:

accdg to presence of mordant

action of dye is intensified by using mordant

A

indirect staining

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32
Q

indirect staining example:

A

hematoxylin

33
Q

methods of staining:

accdg to the presence of a differentiator/decolorizer

when dye is taken up by the tissue, it is not decolorized

A

progressive section

H and E on frozen sections

34
Q

methods of staining:

accdg to the presence of a differentiator/decolorizer

requires differentiator,
tissue is first overstained, then excess stain is removed from unwanted parts of the tissue

A

regressive staining

H and E on routine tissue staining

35
Q

if primary stain is basic, the differentiator should be:

A

acidic differentiator

36
Q

if primary stain is acidic, the differentiator should be:

A

alkaline differentiator

37
Q

methods of staining:

accdg to the resultant color of the tissue

color of the dye = color of the tissue

A

orthochromatic staining

38
Q

methods of staining:

accdg to the resultant color of the tissue

color of the dye =/= color of the tissue

A

metachromatic staining

39
Q

methods of staining:

selective staining of living cell constituents

A

vital staining

40
Q

injection of the dye into any part of the animal body

A

intravital staining

41
Q

intravital staining example

A

lithium, carmine, india ink

42
Q

staining of living cells immediately after removal from the body

A

supravital staining

43
Q

supravital staining example

A
  • neutral red (best vital dye)
  • janus green (mitochrondria)
  • trypan blue
  • nile blue
  • toluidine blue
  • thionine
44
Q

most widely used histological stain

A

hematoxylin and eosin

45
Q

hematoxylin purpose in H and E

A
  • basic stain
  • primary stain
  • nuclear stain
46
Q

first person to use hematoxylin in histology

A

waldeyer (1862)

47
Q

useful for general purpose hematoxylin

A

harris hematoxylin

48
Q

alum hematoxylin:

harris hematoxylin ripening agent:

A

mercuric oxide

49
Q

alum hematoxylin:

ehrlich’s ripening agent:

A

sodium iodate or natural ripening

50
Q

iron salts are used as oxidizing agents and mordant

A

iron hematoxylins

51
Q

____ can demonstrate connective tissue elements and Entamoeba histolytica, but it needs ____

A

weigerts, van Gieson’s stain

52
Q

stand alone stain that can demonstrate collagen

A

van gieson’s stain

53
Q

standard iron hematoxylin stain

A

weigert’s

54
Q

weigert’s ripening agent:

A

ferric chloride

55
Q

heidenhain’s ripening agent:

A

ferric ammonium sulfate

56
Q

hematoxylin used for mitochondria, muscle striations, chromatin, and myelin

A

heidenhain’s

57
Q

hematoxylin used for staining elastic fibers

58
Q

hematoxylin used for staining myelin

59
Q

hematoxylin used for demonstration of muscle striations, fibrin, glial fibers

A

tungsten hematoxylin

60
Q

ripening method for tungsten hematoxylin:

A

stand in the light for several weeks or use

61
Q

tungsten hematoxylin example:

A

mallory’s PTAH

62
Q

hematoxylin used for study of spermatogenesis

A

copper hematoxylins

63
Q

hematoxylin used to stain collagen and endocrine cell granules

A

molybdenum hematoxylin

64
Q

hematoxylin used to stain endocrine cell granules

A

lead hematoxylin:

solcia hematoxylin

65
Q

eosin purpose in H and E

A
  • acidic stain
  • secondary stain
  • counterstain
  • cytoplasmic stain
66
Q

eosin three forms:

A

eosin Y
eosin B
eosin S

67
Q

most commonly used eosin form

A

eosin Y (yellowish)

68
Q

eosin form that has deeper red color

A

eosin B (bluish)

69
Q

H and E staining steps

A
  1. xylene (2 changes)
  2. descending grades of alcohol
  3. water (rehydration)
  4. stain with hematoxylin (primary stain, blue nucleus)
  5. wash
  6. acid alcohol (differentiator, remove color, red nucleus)
  7. ammonia water (blueing, blue nucleus)
  8. wash
  9. stain with eosin y (secondary stain, pink cytoplasm)
  10. ascending grade of alcohol (dehydration)
  11. xylene (clearing)
  12. mount then label
70
Q

when is the best time to remove pigments

A

removal of pigment is done after rehydration and right before primary staining

71
Q

staining of choice for exfoliative cytology

A

Papanicolaou staining

72
Q

3 stains of papanicolaou staining

A

OG-6, EA 36/50, harris hematoxylin

73
Q

purpose of harris hematoxylin in papanicolaou staining

A

nuclear stain

74
Q

purpose of OG-6 in papanicolaou staining

A

cytoplasmic stain (orange green)

for mature, superficial cells)

75
Q

purpose of EA 36 or EA 50 in papanicolaou staining

A

cytoplasmic stain (eosin azure)

for intermediate cells and parabasal cells

76
Q

components of EA 36/50

A

light green SF
eosin Y
bismarck brown

77
Q

other stains:

for demonstration of spirochetes

A

warthin-starry method

78
Q

other stains:

for demonstration of hepatitis B surface antigen

A

orcein method

79
Q

other stains:

most reliable and specific histochemical technique for DNA

A

feulgen technique

Histopathology (11 decks)

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