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Histopathology > DECALCIFICATION > Flashcards

DECALCIFICATION Flashcards

1
Q

true or false. decalcification is part of routine tissue processing.

A

false. not all undergo decalcification.

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2
Q

tissue spx that undergo decalcification

A

bones
teeth
tuberculous organs
arteriosclerotic blood bessels

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3
Q

ratio of decal agent to tissue

A

20:1

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4
Q

types of decal agents

A

acids
chelating agents
ion exchange resin
electrical ionization

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5
Q

most widely used for routine decal

A

acid decal agents

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6
Q

most common and fastest decal agent

A

nitric acid

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7
Q

recommended conc of nitric acid

A

5-10%

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8
Q

rapid, recommended for urgent biopsies

A

aqueous nitric acid (10%) (12-24 hrs)

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9
Q

rapid, produces less tissue destruction

A

formol-nitric acid (1-3 days)

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10
Q

decal and softens tissue at the same time, slow

A

perenyi’s fluid (2-7 days)

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11
Q

the MOST rapid decal agent of all

A

phloroglucin nitric acid (12-24 hrs)

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12
Q

inferior to nitric acid but produces good nuclear staining at 1% conc

A

hydrochloric acid

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13
Q

decal agent for teeth and small pieces of bones

A

von ebner’s fluid (derived from HCl)

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14
Q

BEST decal agent

recommended for postmortem research and suitable for immunohistochem staining

A

5% formic acid

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15
Q

what is added to hasten decal of formic acid?

A

citrate

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16
Q

both used as a fixative and decal agent.

suitable for small spicules of bone

A

trichloroacetic acid

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17
Q

very weak decal agent.

suitable for minute pieces of bone

A

sulfurous acid

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18
Q

carcinogenic decal agent

A

chromic acid

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19
Q

decal agent that does not produce cell or tissue distortion

A

citric acid-citrate buffer solution 4.5 pH

20
Q

chelating agent in decal

A

EDTA

21
Q

combine with calcium ions to form weakly dissociated complexes and facilitate the removal of calcium ions

A

chelating agents

22
Q

chelating duration

A

small spx: 1-3 weeks

dense bones: 6-8 weeks or longer

23
Q

chelating optimum binding capacity

A

pH 8

24
Q

true or false. EDTA is not suitable for immunohistochem or enzyme staining and electron microscopy

A

false. EDTA is excellent to use on these.

25
Q

this method works by removing calcium ions from formic acid-containing decal solutions

A

ion exchange resin

26
Q

what resin is used on ion-exchange resin?

A

ammonium form of polystyrene resin

27
Q

ion exchange resin is not recommended on:

A

nitric acid and hydrochloric acid

28
Q

which decal agent is added in ion exchange resin?

A

formic acid (20-30x)

29
Q

process where positively charged calcium ions are attracted to a negative electrode and subsequently removed from the solution

A

electrophoresis

30
Q

time of calcium is shortened due to:

A

heat and the production of electrolytic reaction

31
Q

which decal agent is added in electrophoresis?

A

88% formic acid

32
Q

hastens decal (3):

A

concentration
temp
agitation

33
Q

retards decal:

A

increase in size and consistency

34
Q

done by touching or bending the tissue

A

physical or mechanical test

35
Q

decal measurement that is routinely used

A

chemical method

36
Q

cloudy soln chemical check:

A

incomplete decal

37
Q

clear soln chemical check:

A

complete decal

38
Q

very expensive but the most ideal, sensitive, and reliable method to determine extent of decal

A

x-ray or radiologic method

39
Q

x-ray method is not recommended to what type of tissues?

A

mercuric chloride-fixed tissues

40
Q

ways to do post-decal:

A
  1. lithium bicarbonate/sodium bicarbonate
  2. rinse in tap water
  3. formol-saline w/ sucrose or phosphate-buffered saline w/ sucrose
41
Q

this may be required for unduly hard tissues

A

tissue softeners

42
Q

acts as both decal agent and tissue softener

A

perenyl’s

43
Q

tissue softener that makes use of 4% phenol

A

lendrum’s

44
Q

tissue softener that leaves a soapy and swollen effect

A

molliflex

45
Q

optimum temperature for decalcifying

A

18-30 C (room temp)

46
Q

ideal time required:

A

24-48 hours

Histopathology (11 decks)

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