Stages of pregnancy Flashcards
What is an embryo
developing organism from conception to 8 weeks where it becomes a foetus
What occurs during gap between conception and following 4 weeks?
one month embryo growth=4 mm long embryo
muscle segments on tube later form brain and spinal cord
brain develops along with heart and liver
evident embryonic tail
What occurs during weeks 4 and 5 of embryonic period?
week 4 - throat region contains pharyngeal arches w/clifts between
- arches form structural elements of throat and face
- pouches between clefts form epithelial lining+throat glands
week 5 - arm and leg buds appear(arm buds more advanced)
What occurs during embryonic period week 6 to week 8?
-organs are present but non-functional
-growth of 3 cm and weight of 1g
-head is 1/2 the size of the embryo
-jaws mostly developed while eyes, nose, ears, hands and fingers are full developed
-evident sexual organs
When does foetal development start?
After about 4/16 weeks
What occurs during foetal development month 4?
-uterus expands and belly bulge present
-growth of 18cm and 100g
-erect foetal posture
-movement (stretching of limbs)
- developed finger prints and heart rate of 120-160 bpm
What occurs during foetal development month 5?
-uterus keeps developing
-growth of 25 cm and 300g
What occurs during month 7 of foetal development?
apparent pregnancy
-growth of 27-38 cm and 565-1000g
-vigorous movement
-large brain+functional areas+furrows
-in male babies, testes will descend from scrotum
What occurs during 8 month of foetal development?
growth of 41 to 45 cm and 1800-2200g
What occurs during 9 month of foetal development?
-growth of 46-48 cm and 2700g
-fully developed circulatory system
-more time required for digestive system to develop
-no room for movement
When does pregnancy finish usually? what happens during that time?
after about 40 weeks/ 10 months=full term
-foetal activity has decreased due to a decrease in space in the uterus
-growth of 50 or so cm and 3400g
-placenta fails
-foetus changes position (head at pelvis)
What changes occur to the mother during the first trimester?
-period stops
-morning sickness
-increased breast development
-feeling giddy/nauseous/tired
-bladder squishes=more pee
What changes to mother occur during 2nd and 3rd trimester?
-first movements of child
-noticeable abdominal growth during 5th month
-weight gain
-urination frequent
-backache
-varicose veins/haemorrhoids
-constipation
-edema
What physiological changes occur to mother?
-above normal hormone amount
-blood volume increases by 50% = increase blood pressure
-increased functioning of heart + kidney
-risk of gestational diabetes
-pre-eclampsia
What is parturition?
Labour
-hard work of delivering baby from uterine contractions
-preceded by a rise in the levels of oestrogen and oxytocin in the mothers bloodstream
-begins with contractions of the muscular walls of the uterus (start at top of uterus and sweep down to cervix)
-as labour progresses contraction=stronger+more frequent
How do hormonal changes adi in labour?
-hormonal changes cause ligaments of pelvis to soften
-also increases response of uterus to stimuli which strengthens contractions of muscles
What happens to the cervix during birth?
it softens, shortened in length and opens up a little.
-baby has it’s knees drawn as it takes up the least amount of room as possible
What occurs during first stage of labour
1st phase: (latent) all things occurring before 6 cm dilation with contraction that last 30’s every 5 to 30 mins)
2nd phase: intense contractions breaking of the waters 60-90 secs long every 0.5-2 mins
What occurs during second stage of labour (expulsions stage)?
birth of the baby
baby’s head contains unfused skull bones
most babies are head down
baby’s head is pushed–head/body is turned–shoulders and body is delivered
What occurs during the third stage of labour?
Placenta/afterbirth
placenta comes away from the uterine wall (whole thing must be removed)
after this the uterus contracts to it’s original size through the helps of oxytocin
Characteristics of a new-born
-50 cm long
-weigh 3.3kg
-head makes up 1/4 of the overall length of the child
-legs make up only 1/3
-no muscle control developed
-can breathe, suck, swallow, and get rid of wastes
-can see, hear, taste, smell, and turn head
Changes in baby at birth
-new-born can no longer depend on placenta for food and oxygen
-lungs and liver must now become fully functional (blood must flow through them)
-clamping of umbilical vessels allows the level of carbon dioxide in babies blood to rise
-stimulates the respiratory centre in the brain=lungs begin to function
-as lungs expand=less resistance to blood flow=flow through ductus arteriosus decreases
-larger amounts of blood return to heart from lungs=pressure….
