Cell structure and transport Flashcards

1
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Watery material inside cell that fills space between nucleus and membrane
-cytosol
-organelles

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2
Q

Function of the cell membrane

A

-cell boundary/barrier
-helps support the cell
-controls what substances can enter or exit the cell
-sensitive to change

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3
Q

Function of the cytosol

A

liquid part of cytoplasm
-most metabolic reaction occur here and controls osmotic pressure
-and the flow of chemicals in and out of cell

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4
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

-stores information and instructions (DNA)
-controls chemical reactions within cytoplasm

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5
Q

Functions of the ribosome

A

-line the rough endoplasmic reticulum
-construct proteins out of amino acids

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6
Q

Function of endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)

A

rough:
-transport proteins around the cell
smooth:
-involved in the manufacture of lipids and fast

Both provide SA for chemical reactions

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7
Q

Function of the Golgi body

A

-near nucleus
-package proteins, lipids, carbs into vesicles
-export it from the cell which later produces lysosomes

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8
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

-contains digestive enzymes
-can be secreted or used to destroy ingested foreign material
-can also self-destruct the cell (apoptosis)

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9
Q

Function of the mitochondria

A

-converts nutrients into usable energy
e.g. glucose
-powerhouse of the cell

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10
Q

Function of the centriole

A

-aids in cell division
-arrange microtubules

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11
Q

What is cilia?

A

-Hair like projections on the outer layering of cells
-beat rhythmically to allow movement of materials across said cell

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12
Q

Functions of cytoskeleton

A

-framework of protein fibres
-give cell it’s shape
-assists in cell movement

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13
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

-maintenance of relatively constant internal environment
-despite fluctuations in the external environment of a cell

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14
Q

Functions of the cell membrane

A
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15
Q

Define active transport

A

-movement of ions/molecules against a concentration gradient
- low conc. to high
-assisted by enzymes requiring energy (ATP)

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16
Q

Define passive transport

A

-movement of materials across cell membrane
-no energy required

17
Q

What is concentration/diffusion gradient

A

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance

18
Q

Define simple diffusion

A

-movement of a solute along a concentration gradient
-area of high conc. to low conc.
-spreading out of particles to create even distribution over the provided space
e.g. breathing (gas exchange)

19
Q

Define osmosis

A

-diffusion of water molecules
-across a semi-permeable membrane
-dilution
e.g. nutrient absorption in large + small intestines

20
Q

Define facilitated diffusion

A

-diffusion of solutes where transport proteins allow for movement across a membrane
-passive because the solute moves along a gradient (high conc to low)
-aids large molecules in going through the membrane

21
Q

What are protein channels?

A

-proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
-help large molecules pass through

22
Q

What is carrier mediated transport?

A

-solute binds to a carrier in plasma membrane
-membrane shapes around it
=solute is released in other side of cell
e.g. facilitated diffusion, active transport

23
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A

-movement of substances across cell membrane in vesicles (absorb around substance)
-then absorbed into membrane and pushed to inner or outer cell
-uses energy to create vesicles
e.g. endocytosis and exocytosis

24
Q

What is endocytosis? and two types?

A

Taking in on solutes into the membrane
-pinocytosis=taking liquids
-phagocytosis=taking in solids

25
What is exocytosis?
Expelling of solutes through the vesicles
26
Substances and their transportation methods
Simple diffusion: oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, alcohol, fatty acids, sodium, calcium, lipids Osmosis: water Facilitated diffusion: glucose, amino acids Active transport: glucose, ions, amino acids
27
Function of microtubules
-maintain cell shape -guide organelle movement
28
Why are cells small?
-being smaller allows for a higher SA:V -absorbs more nutrients and works more efficiently
29
What are body's structural levels
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
30
What are the tissues?
-epithelial -connective -muscular -nervous
31
Function of epithelial tissues
Made up of closely joined cells and are varying shapes. Covers inner: heart, kidneys, intestines, liver, lungs outer: stomach, heart, intestines -depending on location, protects, secretes and absorbs
32
Function of connective tissues
-provides support to the body -holds together all of its parts made up of separated cells divided by non-cellular matric e.g. bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
33
Function of nervous tissue
-made up of neurons -neurons carry messages to different parts of the body e.g. brain, spinal cord, nerves
34
Function of muscle tissues and the types
Smooth: Walls of stomach and intestines, blood vessels, iris -involuntary -non-striated Skeletal: Muscle attached to the bone -voluntary control -stripes (striated) Cardiac: Most of heart (contracts to pump blood) -non-voluntary
35
What is the fluid mosaic model?
Model of the cell membrane. Includes -hydrophilic heads -hydrophobic tails -phospholipid bilayer -cholesterol and protein embedded in bilayer