Cell structure and transport

Question 1

What is cytoplasm?

Answer 1

Watery material inside cell that fills space between nucleus and membrane
-cytosol
-organelles

Question 2

Function of the cell membrane

Answer 2

-cell boundary/barrier
-helps support the cell
-controls what substances can enter or exit the cell
-sensitive to change

Question 3

Function of the cytosol

Answer 3

liquid part of cytoplasm
-most metabolic reaction occur here and controls osmotic pressure
-and the flow of chemicals in and out of cell

Question 4

Function of the nucleus

Answer 4

-stores information and instructions (DNA)
-controls chemical reactions within cytoplasm

Question 5

Functions of the ribosome

Answer 5

-line the rough endoplasmic reticulum
-construct proteins out of amino acids

Question 6

Function of endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)

Answer 6

rough:
-transport proteins around the cell
smooth:
-involved in the manufacture of lipids and fast

Both provide SA for chemical reactions

Question 7

Function of the Golgi body

Answer 7

-near nucleus
-package proteins, lipids, carbs into vesicles
-export it from the cell which later produces lysosomes

Question 8

Function of lysosomes

Answer 8

-contains digestive enzymes
-can be secreted or used to destroy ingested foreign material
-can also self-destruct the cell (apoptosis)

Question 9

Function of the mitochondria

Answer 9

-converts nutrients into usable energy
e.g. glucose
-powerhouse of the cell

Question 10

Function of the centriole

Answer 10

-aids in cell division
-arrange microtubules

Question 11

What is cilia?

Answer 11

-Hair like projections on the outer layering of cells
-beat rhythmically to allow movement of materials across said cell

Question 12

Functions of cytoskeleton

Answer 12

-framework of protein fibres
-give cell it’s shape
-assists in cell movement

Question 13

What is homeostasis?

Answer 13

-maintenance of relatively constant internal environment
-despite fluctuations in the external environment of a cell

Question 14

Functions of the cell membrane

Question 15

Define active transport

Answer 15

-movement of ions/molecules against a concentration gradient
- low conc. to high
-assisted by enzymes requiring energy (ATP)

Question 16

Define passive transport

Answer 16

-movement of materials across cell membrane
-no energy required

Question 17

What is concentration/diffusion gradient

Answer 17

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance

Question 18

Define simple diffusion

Answer 18

-movement of a solute along a concentration gradient
-area of high conc. to low conc.
-spreading out of particles to create even distribution over the provided space
e.g. breathing (gas exchange)

Question 19

Define osmosis

Answer 19

-diffusion of water molecules
-across a semi-permeable membrane
-dilution
e.g. nutrient absorption in large + small intestines

Question 20

Define facilitated diffusion

Answer 20

-diffusion of solutes where transport proteins allow for movement across a membrane
-passive because the solute moves along a gradient (high conc to low)
-aids large molecules in going through the membrane

Question 21

What are protein channels?

Answer 21

-proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
-help large molecules pass through

Question 22

What is carrier mediated transport?

Answer 22

-solute binds to a carrier in plasma membrane
-membrane shapes around it
=solute is released in other side of cell
e.g. facilitated diffusion, active transport

Question 23

What is vesicular transport?

Answer 23

-movement of substances across cell membrane in vesicles (absorb around substance)
-then absorbed into membrane and pushed to inner or outer cell
-uses energy to create vesicles
e.g. endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 24

What is endocytosis? and two types?

Answer 24

Taking in on solutes into the membrane
-pinocytosis=taking liquids
-phagocytosis=taking in solids

Question 25

What is exocytosis?

Answer 25

Expelling of solutes through the vesicles

Question 26

Substances and their transportation methods

Answer 26

Simple diffusion: oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, alcohol, fatty acids, sodium, calcium, lipids
Osmosis: water
Facilitated diffusion: glucose, amino acids
Active transport: glucose, ions, amino acids

Question 27

Function of microtubules

Answer 27

-maintain cell shape
-guide organelle movement

Question 28

Why are cells small?

Answer 28

-being smaller allows for a higher SA:V
-absorbs more nutrients and works more efficiently

Question 29

What are body’s structural levels

Answer 29

Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

Question 30

What are the tissues?

Answer 30

-epithelial
-connective
-muscular
-nervous

Question 31

Function of epithelial tissues

Answer 31

Made up of closely joined cells and are varying shapes. Covers
inner: heart, kidneys, intestines, liver, lungs
outer: stomach, heart, intestines
-depending on location, protects, secretes and absorbs

Question 32

Function of connective tissues

Answer 32

-provides support to the body
-holds together all of its parts
made up of separated cells divided by non-cellular matric
e.g. bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

Question 33

Function of nervous tissue

Answer 33

-made up of neurons
-neurons carry messages to different parts of the body
e.g. brain, spinal cord, nerves

Question 34

Function of muscle tissues and the types

Answer 34

Smooth:
Walls of stomach and intestines, blood vessels, iris
-involuntary
-non-striated

Skeletal:
Muscle attached to the bone
-voluntary control
-stripes (striated)

Cardiac:
Most of heart (contracts to pump blood)
-non-voluntary

Question 35

What is the fluid mosaic model?

Answer 35

Model of the cell membrane. Includes
-hydrophilic heads
-hydrophobic tails
-phospholipid bilayer
-cholesterol and protein embedded in bilayer