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Human bio > Reproductive systems > Flashcards

Reproductive systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Function of the testes

A
  • make spermatozoa

- stored in pouch (scrotum) divided in two (each one containing testis

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2
Q

Function of scrotum

A

-contains smooth muscle
-can contract or relax to regulate the temperature of the testes
OPTIMUM TEMP for sperm production is approx. 2 degrees

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3
Q

Difference between secondary and primary organs

A

prepubescent vs since birth

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4
Q

Function of seminiferous tubules

A

contain cells that make sperm

join to form epididymis

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5
Q

Function of the epididymis

A

highly folded tubule (increase SA)

  • fits against rear surface of each testis
  • sperm are stored in here to mature
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6
Q

Function of the vas deferens

A

sperm duct

-carry sperm away from testes

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7
Q

Function of Urethra

A

Conducts semen and urine out of the body

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8
Q

Function of seminal vesicles

A

Secretes a fluid rich in sugars and makes up about 60% of semen

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9
Q

Function of prostate gland

A

secretes a alkaline fluid that helps active sperm

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10
Q

Function of bulbo urethral gland

A

secrete clear mucus acting as a lubricant

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11
Q

Function of penis

A

organ for passing urine and for transferring sperm to female

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12
Q

Function of acrosome of sperm

A

flattened, membrane bound vesicle containing glycoproteins and enzymes

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13
Q

Function of head of sperm

A

contains the nucleus with condensed chromatin

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14
Q

Function of sperm middle piece

A

first part of tail that contains mitochondria required to supply energy for motility

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15
Q

Function of sperm plasma membrane

A

Surrounds entire cell

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16
Q

Function of principle/main piece

A

contains the fibres needed for movement

17
Q

What is the pathway of sperm

A
  1. seminiferous tubules (in testes) contain cells that undergo spermatogenesis
  2. epididymis
  3. vas deferens/sperm duct
  4. urethra, products from seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbo-urethral gland form semen that nourishes and activates the sperm
  5. vagina
  6. cervix
  7. uterus
  8. fallopian tube/oviduct/uterine duct
18
Q

What is insemination?

A

Connective tissue in the males penis has a rich blood supply (erectile tissues)

  • this tissues fills with blood during arousal
  • the penis stiffens, enlarges = erect
  • erection allows sperm to be delivered into the vagina = insemination
19
Q

Function of semen

A
  • nourishes the sperm
  • neutralises the acidic conditions of the vagina
  • contains enzymes that activate the sperm
20
Q

What phase of meiosis is the ovum in during ovulation?

A

metaphase 2
-ovum is surrounded by two layers of cells
.outer layer=corona radiata
.inner layer=zona pellucida
-outer surface of the acrosome on the sperm head contains an enzyme
-the enzyme breaks down the hyaluronic acid in the cementing material that holds the corona radiate together

21
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

consists of follicle cells, held together by cementing materials that contain acid

22
Q

What is the zona pellucida

A

a glycoprotein matrix that surrounds the plasma membrane of the oocyte

23
Q

What is occurs during acrosomal reaction?

A

1 single sperm cannot penetrate the ovum layers (needs about 7000)
-once enough sperm loosen 1 may enter the corona radiata
-then encounters zona pellucida which initiates acrosomal reaction
.digestive enzymes released from this breakdown glycoprotein matrix
-sperm now has access to ovum

24
Q

What is the endometrium? it’s purpose?

A

soft mucous lining of the uterus

  • where menstrual cycle takes places
  • nourishes the embryo and foetus
25
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Glands that produce hormones and are released into the blood to travel around our bodies

26
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers; same components as proteins (steroid amine hormones)

27
Q

Pituitary glands (master gland)

A

Produce many hormones that influence bodily processes

28
Q

Gonado tropins

A

(gonad=reproductive systems/organs)

29
Q

Purpose of Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

helps control the menstrual cycle and stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries

  • highest levels happening just before an egg is released by the ovary
  • stimulates both follicle maturation and eostrogen synthesis of granulosa cells
30
Q

Purpose of Oestrogen

A

regulates the growth, development, and physiology of the human reproductive system

  • regulate the development and function of the uterus
  • promotes endometrium growth
31
Q

What changes can occur to the hormone concentration of luteinising hormone and progestrone during menstrual cycle?

A
  • Luteinizing hormone stimulates egg release (ovulation) -usually occurs 16 to 32 hours after the surge begins.
  • oestrogen level decreases during the surge
  • progesterone level starts to increase
  • During the luteal phase, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels decrease
32
Q

What changes occur due to Luteinising hormone?

A
  • triggers the start of ovulation (most fertile period)
  • sexual development and functioning
  • helps control the menstrual cycle
  • triggers the release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation)
33
Q

What changes does Progestrone cause?

A
  • prepares the endometrium for the potential of pregnancy after ovulation
  • regulates endometrium’s condition
  • triggers the lining to thicken to accept a fertilized egg
  • also prohibits the muscle contractions in the uterus that would cause the body to reject an egg

ovaries, placenta, and adrenal glands.

34
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A

A sequence of events, which are controlled by hormones, that occur in the ovaries.
Occur in order to produce a mature ova from an immature follicle and a temporary hormone gland, the corpus luteum.
-between 20-40 days with an average 28 days

35
Q

What hormones are secreted by corpus luteum, corpus albicans, and ovarian follicle? in what order?

A

Ovarian follicle: oestrogen and progesterone
Corpus luteum: progesterone if fertilisation occurs, if absent=corpus albicans
Corpus albicans:

36
Q

Why is uterine lining thicker in sexually mature women?

A

-increase oestrogen causes the lining to grow and thicken to prepare the uterus for pregnancy due to an increase in sexual activity

37
Q

Why does ovarian output decrease with age?

A

lack of follicles in ovary resulting in less oestrogen and progesterone production

38
Q

Stages of ovulation

A 
primordial 
primary follicle
secondary follicles 
Graafian follicle
then release 
after is:
ruptured follicle
corpus luteum formation
degeneration of corpus luteum
corpus albicans

Human bio (13 decks)

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