Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human bio > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is intestinal juice?

A

Juice secreted from small intestines lining that contains digestive enzyme capable of finalizing the digestion of carbs, proteins, and lipases.
E.g. peptidases: break down peptides into amino acids
sucrase: breakdown sucrose, lactose and maltose into glucose, galactose and fructose
lipases: breakdown lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease do?

A

Digest RNA and DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do lipases do?

A

Break down fats into fatty acid and glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do amylase do?

A

Break down starch into the disaccharide maltose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does trypsin/protease do?

A

Splits proteins into peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the jejunum?

A

Middle section of the small intestine. It’s lining allows for effective absorption of carbs and proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the six functions of digestion?

A

-ingestion
-mechanical digestion
-chemical digestion
-movement of food along alimentary canal
-absorption of food and water into lymph and blood
-elimination of material that is not absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define digestion

A

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is diarrhoea?

A

Frequent defecation of watery faeces cause by the irritation of small/large intestines which in turn speeds up the process of peristalsis.
Can be caused by: a bacteria, virus, parasite, cancer, lactose intolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is constipation?

A

A condition in which defecation becomes difficult/painful with faces being hard and dry due to a long time period of sitting in the large intestine and it’s water being absorbed.
Can be caused by: lack of roughage in diet from plant matter (insoluble fibre/cellulose), emotional problems, lack of exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the importance of soluble fibre in a person diet?

A

Found in food derived form plants, soluble fibre has been linked to, low cholesterol, low risk of heart disease and cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is excretion?

A

Removal of wastes of metabolism from the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is the small intestine well suited to absorption?

A

6-7m long
-large SA:V ratio due to villi and microvilli
-highly vascularised (lots of capillaries) allowing for higher absorption of nutrients
-segmentation which brings food to villi
-absorbs 80% of all nutrients in the internal surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Function of the oesophagus

A

23-25 cm long
Links the pharynx to the stomach. Aids in transporting food from the throat to the stomach in a wave like motion known as peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Function of the epiglottis

A

Flap situated in the back of the throat closing over the trachea in order to prevent food or water from entering the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Function of the cardiac sphincter

A

Stops acid reflux from occurring. Acts as a covering to prevent acid contents from the stomach getting into the oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is chyme?

A

Semi-fluid mass of partially digested food that leaves the stomach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is mucosa?

A

Lining of the stomach containing cells specialized for secreting gastric juice and mucous.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Breakdown of food into smaller molecules by chemicals/enzymes
mouth- salivary amylase
stomach- pepsin
small intestine- pancreatic juice: amylase, protease, lipases, nucleases
intestinal juice: lipases, amylase, peptidases

20
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

The physical breakdown of food into smaller molecules
- increase SA
- increase efficiency of chem digestion

21
Q

Explain chemical digestion in the mouth

A

Food is mixed with saliva secreted into mouth cavity via the salivary glands. It contains mucous to lubricate as well as salivary amylase which digest starch into disaccharide maltose.

22
Q

Explain mechanical mouth digestion

A

-ingestion
-food is broken down into smaller molecules by chewing, tearing, etc
-Tongue shapes food into bolus

23
Q

What are the types of teeth?

A
  • canines (2)
  • molars (6)
  • premolars (4)
  • incisors (4)
24
Q

What is a bolus?

A

A lump or ball like structure of food and saliva

25
Q

Explain chemical digestion in the stomach

A

-enzymes in gastric juice (pepsin) secreted by mucosa
-break down amino acid bonds of protein=polypeptides
-breaks down nucleac acids into RNA and DNA

26
Q

Why is absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream not possible in the stomach?

A

The internal surface is covered by a thick layer of mucus (mucosa)

27
Q

Explain mechanical digestion in the stomach

A

Achieved by waves of muscular contraction that move along the stomach wall.
-conversion in a variety of ways due to 3 muscles (oblique. longitudinal, circular)
-Food is churned and mixed with acidic juice to form chyme.

28
Q

Function of the ileum?

A

Last part of the small intestine.
- absorbs vitamin B12, bile salts and remaining products of digestion

29
Q

Function of the gall bladder

A

Stores bile and releases it into the small intestine where bile emulsifies lipids

30
Q

How is each nutrient absorbed in the body?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol: simple diffusion (recombine to form fat droplets, enter lacteal)
Water: diffusion (absorbed into blood capillaries)
Simple sugars (glucose): active transport (pass through cells on villi, into blood capillaries)
Amino acids: active transport (into blood capillaries)

31
Q

Ways that the villi absorbs nutrients

A

-active transport (ATP is used to take in nutrients against a concentration gradient)
-simple diffusion (higher concentration of nutrient materials in interior than in cells of villi)
-continual muscular movement of intestinal wall (contact)

32
Q

What are villi?

A

Projections from the internal lining of the small intestine who’s structure is well suited to nutrient absorption.
-single cell layering
-contain lymph capillaries (lacteal) which link to the blood vessels

33
Q

How does digestion occur in the small intestine

A

Mechanical:
Secreted in via bile duct. Contains no digestive enzymes but is important in emulsifying fats to increase their surface area on which the lipases can act.
Chemical (pancreatic juice):
Enters duodenum secreted by pancreases via the bile duct. It neutralizes acid contents in the stomach and contains digestive enzymes: amylase, trypsin(protease), lipases, and nucleases
Chemical (intestinal juice):
Secreted from lining and contains enzymes that complete digestion of carbs, proteins, and lipases. Contains digestive enzymes: peptidases, sucrase, lactase, maltase, lipases

34
Q

Digestive enzymes and their products:

A

Sucrase-sucrose into monosaccharide glucose
Lactase- lactose into fructose
Maltase- maltose into galactose
Amylase- starch into disaccharide maltose
Trypsin (protease)- proteins into peptides
Peptidases- peptides into amino acids
Lipases- fats into fatty acid and glycerol
Nucleases- digest RNA and DNA

35
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Contraction of circular muscles that narrow small intestine’s lumen to breakup chyme

36
Q

What are accessory organs?

A

Organs not a part of the GI tract that deposit enzymes into it
e.g. pancreas, salivary glands, tongue, liver, gall bladder

37
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

Thick circular muscle at the base of stomach preventing digested food from going back into stomach from the small intestine.

38
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Waves of muscular contractions that push food further down the alimentary canal.
(successive bands of circular muscles contract in the oesophagus)

39
Q

What is the GI tract?

A

Gastrointestinal tract. The direct link between all organs

40
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

25cm long
-first section of the small intestines, curving around the pancreas
-most chemical digestion occurs here before chyme moves further along the intestine

41
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A

-return lymph fluid to the circulatory system
-collect excess fluid (lymph) from tissue
-absorb fats from digestive system
-destroy infecting micro-organisms by phagocytic cells (phagocytosis-solid)
-filter the lymph for foreign cells

42
Q

Function of a lymph node

A

Involved in the protection against infection

43
Q

What occurs due to a build of of fluid in tissue (lymph wise)?

A

-returned to blood by lymphatic system
-lymph vessels are blind-ended tubes which means the system is a one way system carrying fluid away from tissue
-lymph capillaries are larger than blood vessels which allows for easy passage of micro-organisms

44
Q

What is coeliac disease?

A

An intolerance to gluten
-caused by inheritance
-gluten is found in wheat, rye, barley
-If gluten is eaten, their immune system responds by damaging or destroying villi in the small intestine
-causing malnourishment

45
Q

What is bowl cancer?

A

-also called colorectal cancer
-uncontrolled growth of cells in the large intestine’s wall
-a high red meat diet with low fruit may cause this

Human bio (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions