Stage theories

Question 1

sensorimotor

Answer 1

manipulating environment, circular reactions, ends with object permanence
0-2 years old

Question 2

pre operational

Answer 2

symbolic thinking, egocentrism, centration, magical beliefs, ends with conservation
2-7 years

Question 3

concrete operational

Answer 3

Loss of egocentrism, logical thought with concrete objects, ends with abstract thinking
7-11 years old

Question 4

formal operational

Answer 4

ability to think logically about abstract ideas, hypothetical reasoning
11+ years old

Question 5

primary circular reactions

Answer 5

repeating body movements that originally occurred by chance

Question 6

secondary circular reactions

Answer 6

manipulation is focused on something outside of the body

Question 7

object permanence

Answer 7

objects continue to exist outside of view

Question 8

accommodation

Answer 8

existing schema are modified in order to accommodate new information

Question 9

assimilation

Answer 9

new information is adapted to fit an existing schema

Question 10

symbolic thinking

Answer 10

ability to pretend, make believe, and have an imagination

Question 11

egocentrism

Answer 11

inability to imagine what others think or feel

Question 12

conservation

Answer 12

physical amount remains the same when its form is changed

Question 13

centration

Answer 13

only focusing on one aspect of a phenomenon

Question 14

oral

Answer 14

energy centered on mouth, fixation leads to dependency
0-1 years

Question 15

anal

Answer 15

toilet training, fixation causes excessive orderliness or messiness
1-3 years

Question 16

phallic

Answer 16

oedipal/electra conflict, castration anxiety/penis envy, sublimation of libidinal energy
3-6 years

Question 17

latency

Answer 17

period of sublimation of libido, moral grounds established
6-12 years

Question 18

genital

Answer 18

healthy relationships or neurosis established
12+ years

Question 19

Trust vs mistrust

Answer 19

0-1 (oral). Can I trust the world?

Question 20

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Answer 20

1-3 (anal). Is it ok to be me?

Question 21

initiative vs guilt

Answer 21

3-6 years (phallic). Is it ok for me to do, move and act

Question 22

industry vs inferiority

Answer 22

6-12 (latency). can I make it in the world of things and people

Question 23

identify vs role confusion

Answer 23

12-20 (genital). Who and I what can I be

Question 24

intimacy vs isolation

Answer 24

20-40 (genital). Can I love

Question 25

generatively vs stagnation

Answer 25

40-60 (genital) can I make my life count

Question 26

integrity vs despair

Answer 26

60+ . Is it ok to have been me

Question 27

Preconventional

Answer 27

Obedience (avoid punishment)
Self-interest (gain rewards)
0-12 years

Question 28

conventional

Answer 28

conformity (approval of others)
Law and order (maintaining social order)
12-25

Question 29

postconventional

Answer 29

social contract (ensure the greater good and human rights)
universal human ethics (abstract principles)
25+ maybe

Question 30

zone of proximal development

Answer 30

skills and abilities in development that need the support of an adult to be fully realized. Vygotsky