Attention and Language

Question 1

shadowing

Answer 1

immediately repeating what is heard in the attended ear

Question 2

categorical perception

Answer 2

when a language has differences in meaning associated with small changes in sounds, kids become very good at differentiating them

Question 3

constancy

Answer 3

ability to recognize a word as being the same even if the pronunciation changes

Question 4

nativist theory

Answer 4

all humans have an intrinsic capacity for language aquisition

Question 5

Language acquisition device (LAD)

Answer 5

there is a pathway in the brain specifically responsible for language aquisition

Question 6

Learning theory

Answer 6

language is acquired by operant conditioning

Question 7

Social interactionist theory

Answer 7

language is driven by a desire to communicate and interact with others

Question 8

Whorfian/Linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 8

our perception of reality is determined by the content of our language (ex: Inuit snow)

Question 9

functional fixedness

Answer 9

inability to consider how to use an object in a non traditional manner (Duncker’s candle problem)

Question 10

Deductive (top-down) reasoning

Answer 10

draw conclusions from general rules

Question 11

Inductive (bottom-up) reasoning

Answer 11

create a theory via generalizations

Question 12

Heuristics

Answer 12

simplified principles used to make decisions

Question 13

availability heuristic

Answer 13

base likelihood of even on how easily examples of even come to mind

Question 14

representativeness heuristic

Answer 14

categorizing items based on how will they fit the prototypal stereotypical image

Question 15

base rate fallacy

Answer 15

using stereotypical factors while ignoring numerical information

Question 16

confirmation bias

Answer 16

focusing on information that fits beliefs while rejecting other info

Question 17

hindsight bias

Answer 17

overestimate ability to predict events that have already happened

Question 18

belief perseverance

Answer 18

inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary

Question 19

recognition primed decision model

Answer 19

neuroscience explanation for intuition

Question 20

Gardner’s Intelligences

Answer 20

linguistic, mathematical, musical, visual, kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist

Question 21

Sternberg’s Intelligences

Answer 21

analytical, creative, practical