Stage 2 Flashcards
Takeoff minimums
○ Part 91 no takeoff minimums
○ Part 121, 125, 129, 135:
■ Standard
● Prescribed takeoff minimums for that runway
● If none:
○ 2 or fewer engines, 1 mile
○ 3 or more engines, ½ mile
■ Nonstandard
● Reference the TPP
Operation below the DA/DH (91.175)
○ Aircraft in a continuous position to land at a normal descent rate using normal
maneuvers
○ Flight visibility not less than the prescribed for the approach
○ May descend to 100’ above TDZE if approach lights in sight
○ At least one of the following in sight (Runway environment is not acceptable
answer):
■ Red terminating bars
■ Threshold, Threshold markings, Threshold lights
■ Runway end indicator lights (REILs)
■ Visual glideslope indicator
■ Touchdown zone, touchdown markings, touchdown lights
■ Runway, runway markings, runway lights
Alternate Requirements (91.169)
Always required unless:
■ An instrument approach is published and available for the destination, AND
■ For at least 1 hour before to 1 hour after ETA:
● 2000’ ceiling ● 3sm visibility
Alternate Airport minimum criteria
■ Standard
● Precision: 600’-2sm
● Non Precision: 800’-2sm
● If no instrument approach available:
○ Ceiling and vis must allow descent from MEA, approach, and landing under VFR
■ Nonstandard
● Reference the TPP
■ Using non-waas GPS?
● Can flight plan GPS approaches at either destination or alternate, but
NOT both
Approaches and Approach Plates
Precision
■ Provides lateral and vertical guidance
■ Minimums
● Decision Altitude (DA), MSL
● Decision Height (DH), AGL
Approaches and Approach Plates
Non-Precision
■ Provides lateral guidance only
■ Minimums
● Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA), MSL
● Minimum Descent Height (MDH), AGL
Approaches and Approach Plates
Equipment/Miscellaneous Types
○ ILS/Localizer
■ Uses ground based equipment
○ RNAV(GPS)
■ Uses satellite GPS (WAAS/RAIM)
○ Non Directional beacon (NDB)
Approaches and Approach Plates
● Circling Minimums
○ Standard
■ Prior to 2012 used set radius distances based on approach category,
regardless of MDA
○ Expanded marked by C
■ After 2012, now factors in MDA because of increased true airspeed at different altitudes
Approaches and Approach Plates
When to go Missed
○ Precision
■ The DA/DH
○ Non-precision
■ Runway threshold or other specified point, usually labeled as a point with
DME
○ If a plate has both precision/non-precision approaches, then the profile view will
ALWAYS default to showing the precision approach profile
■ All the information is still there for the non-precision approach, but it is up
to YOU to interpret/visualize how it’s different
Approach Categories
○ Tell you what minimums to use based
○ Stated by AFM/POH, or 1.3 * Vso
○ A 0-90
○ B 91-120
○ C 121-140
○ D 141-165
○ E >165
Procedure Turn (PT)
Types:
■ Course Reversal
■ Descent from IAF
■ Inbound course interception
Procedure Turn (PT)
Mandatory when:
Depicted on the approach chart
Procedure Turn (PT)
Not permitted when:
Straight in
Hold in leu of PT
Arc; DME arc
Radar vectors to final
Pt; approach plate says no pt
Timed approach
Teardrop entry
IFR Altitudes
Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA)
■ Emergency altitude used in case of lost situational awareness
■ Provides obstacle/terrain avoidance
IFR Altitudes
Terminal Arrival Area (TAA)
■ Provides altitude and distance information for a given area
■ For RNAV approaches only
