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instrument > Stage 1 > Flashcards

Stage 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Documents
Pilot

A

○ Valid government issued photo identification
○ Pilot certificate
○ Medical

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2
Q

Documents
Airplane

A

○ Airworthiness certificate (91.203)
■ Salmon color (special airworthiness certificate)
■ Does not have an expiration date
■ Valid when all maintenance requirements are met

○ Registration (91.203)
■ Valid for 36 calendar months
■ White in color

○ Radio station license
■ Required only for international flights

○ Operating limitations
■ FAA-approved (91.9)
■ Pilot’s operating handbook (POH)
■ Airplane flying manual (AFM)

○ Weight and balance (23.1589)
■ Master weight and balance
■ Completed by a mechanic
■ Often included in the POH binder

○ Placards
■ Stickers and markings as required in POH

○ Data plate
■ A metal plate mounted on the left side empennage ■ Includes registration information such as:
● Date of manufacture ● Model number ● Serial number ● Registration number

○ Compass deviation card
■ Indicates how to account for the error resulting from magnetic influence of
nearby equipments

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3
Q

Weather Information
Meteorological Aerodrome Report (METAR)

A

○ Current/observed weather updated every 50 minutes past the hour
○ Dewpoint
■ Temperature at which air becomes fully saturated ■ When temperature/dewpoint within 2 celsius, expect fog

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4
Q

Weather Information
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF)

A

○ Forecast valid 24 hours, updated every 6
○ Only acceptable to use within 5sm of airport
○ If no TAF, use Graphical Forecast Area

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5
Q

Weather Information
Graphical Forecast Area (GFA)

A

○ Available on aviationweather.gov
○ Use when airport does not have a TAF
○ Can see cloud coverage, ceiling, winds, storms, etc

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6
Q

Weather Information
IFR

A

1000 ft AGL ceiling
and/or
less than 3 mi visibility

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7
Q

Weather Information
VFR

A

greater than 3000 ft AGL ceilings
and/or
greater than 5 mi visibility

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8
Q

Airport beacon

A

When lit, either:
● Indicates IFR weather during daytime; or
● Nighttime

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9
Q

Winds aloft

A

○ Forecasts wind speed and direction at various altitudes
○ Absence of winds
■ Elevation within 1500’ AGL
○ Absence of temp
■ Elevation within 2500’ AGL
○ Temps assumed negative above 24000’ MSL

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10
Q

Surface Analysis Chart legend
Pressure Systems
High

A

● Clockwise, outwards, and downwards
● Poor visibility
● Brings higher pressure/density

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11
Q

Surface Analysis Chart legend
Pressure Systems
Low

A

● Counterclockwise, inwards, and upwards (think tornados)
● Good visibility
● Includes precipitation because of higher humidity
● Lower pressure/density

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12
Q

Surface Analysis Chart legend
Frontal Activity
Warm

A

● Slow moving, so change in weather is gradual
● Stratiform clouds
● Poor visibility because air is stable and calm
● Steady precipitation

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13
Q

Surface Analysis Chart legend
Frontal Activity
Cold

A

● Cumulus clouds
● Possible thunderstorms
● Showery precipitation

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14
Q

Surface Analysis Chart legend

Stationary

A

● When warm & cold air masses meet and stop moving
● Lingers for a long time

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15
Q

Surface Analysis Chart legend
Frontal Activity
Occluded

A

● When one front catches up to another front moving in the same
direction
● Usually cold front catches up to warm

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16
Q

Isobars*

A

■ When close together expect higher winds
■ Pressure measured in millibars

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17
Q

Airmet

A

Airmen’s meteorological information
○ Valid 6 hours
○ Contains moderate weather conditions
○ Tango - Turbulence, >30kt winds, Low level wind shear
○ Sierra - IFR conditions, mountain obscurations
○ Zulu - Freezing

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18
Q

Types of Ice

A

types ● Clear ● Rime ● Mixed
location ●structural ●instrument ●induction
severity ●heavy ●mod ●light ●haze

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19
Q

Sigmet

A

Significant meteorological information
○ Valid 4 hours
○ Will affect safety of all aircraft
○ Severe or greater turbulence
○ Dust or sandstorms, Volcanic ash
○ Severe or greater icing

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20
Q

Convective Sigmet

A

sigmet related to convective activity (THUNDERSTORMS)
○ Valid 2 hours
○ Thunderstorms
○ Winds >50 kt winds
○ Hail ¾” diameter or greater
○ Tornadoes

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21
Q

Thunderstorms

A

○ Moisture
○ Uplifting action
○ Unstable air

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22
Q

Thunderstorms
3 Stages

A

■ Cumulus
● Large updrafts
● Clouds are building in form and height
■ Mature (most dangerous)*
● Both up/downdrafts
● Extreme precipitation
● Lightning
■ Dissipating
● Mostly downdrafts
● Microburst is localized and can reach downdrafts of up to 6000’ a
minute
● Storm weakens in intensity

23
Q

Weather Resources

A

Preflight
■ Aviationweather.gov
■ 1800wxbrief.com
■ Third Party Sources
● Foreflight ● Weather Channel
■ Look outside

○ Inflight
■ ATIS/AWOS/ASOS
■ Onboard Equipment
● ADSB-In ● XM Radio
■ FSS
■ ATC workload permitting ■ Phone with cell service in emergency situations

24
Q

Pilot Reports (PIREPs)

A

■ Reported by pilots
■ Can report anything
■ Example:
● Wind Shear
○ Must include location, altitude which experienced, airspeed gained/lost

25
Q

Icing

A

○ Develops with visible moisture (clouds/freezing rain) when the air is 0°C or less
○ We CANNOT fly into known icing - 91.527
○ Icing
■ Structural
● Clear - forms when larger water droplets spread and freeze over a
surface - most dangerous because hard to see and heavy
● Rime - forms when smaller droplets freeze immediately when
contacting aircraft surface, appears milky-white
● Mixed - mix of clear and rime
■ Induction
● Carb ice/induction air icing
■ Instrument
● Pitot-static system

26
Q

Required Equipment

A

FAR 91.205 and a headset
Required equipment as listed in FAR 91.205 (A TOMATO FLAMES)
○ Airspeed indicator
○ Tachometer for each engine
○ Oil pressure gauge
○ Manifold pressure gauge
○ Altimeter
○ Temperature gauge for each liquid cooled engine
○ Oil temperature gauge for each air cooled engine
○ Fuel gauge indicator
○ Landing gear position indicator
○ Anti-collision lights
○ Magnetic direction indicator
○ Emergency locator transmitter
○ Safety belts

27
Q

Aircraft Flight Instruments and Navigation Equipment
Gyroscopic System

A

○ Only on Garmin G1000
■ Standby attitude indicator (vacuum powered)

28
Q

Aircraft Flight Instruments and Navigation Equipment
Pitot-Static System

A

Components
■ Pitot tube
● Collects data to calculate airspeed
● Ram air is forced into pitot by airplane velocity
● Compares ram air to static air from static port to output dynamic air
● Dynamic air is read by instrument
■ Static port
● Measures ambient air pressure

29
Q

Pitot-Static System
Blockages

A
30
Q

Aircraft Flight Instruments and Navigation Equipment
Global Positioning System

A

Uses satellites to triangulate position and altitude in space
■ 24 satellites in constellation
■ 3 satellites required to provide lateral information
■ 4 satellites required to provide altitude information
■ 5 satellites fault detection
■ 6 fault detection exclusion

31
Q

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)

A

fault detection
■ 5 satellites required to ensure reliable information is being received
■ With bad satellite information, RAIM will annunciate integrity has been
compromised and take that satellite offline

32
Q

Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)

A

■ Signals from satellites are monitored by ground based stations
■ Ground based stations correct signals for the following errors:
● Clock errors
● Position errors
■ Ground stations send correction data to a master station
■ Master station computes the correction data and prepares a correction
message
■ New message is sent to a geostationary satellite (GEO)
■ GEO broadcasts to WAAS receiver on aircraft

33
Q

Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range Range (VOR)

A

○ Short range radio navigation equipment used to determine relative position and bearing from

34
Q

VOR Receiver Checks

A

■ Required every 30 days
● VOR Test Facility (VOT)
○ Frequency 108.0 MHz
○ 0 degrees FROM / 180 degrees TO
● Ground tolerances
○ +- 4 degrees
● Air tolerances
○ +- 6 degrees
● Dual VOR Check
○ +-4 degrees

35
Q

Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

A

○ Uses slant range (line of sight) to determine distance
○ Most inaccurate when directly over VOR/DME
■ Negligible for every 1 mile away and 1000’ high

36
Q

Compass Errors (VDMONA)

A

Variation
Deviation
Magnetic Dip
Oscillation
Northerly turning errors
Acceleration Errors

37
Q

Compass Errors
Variation

A

Isogonic lines on sectional depict difference between true north and magnetic north

38
Q

Compass errors
Deviation

A

Electronic equipment interfere with compass to provide inaccurate readings

39
Q

Compass Errors
Magnetic Dip

A

As a compass approaches magnetic poles, compass wants to dip towards the
ground

40
Q

Compass Errors
Oscillation

A

Rapid movement
turbulence
engine

41
Q

Compass Errors
Northerly Turning Errors

A

■ Undershoot North
■ Overshoot South
■ A result of magnet dip
● Compass is a magnet, its attracted to and wants to stay with the
other magnet (pole)
■ Start rollout at ½ latitude + 15 degrees

42
Q

Compass Errors
Acceleration Errors

A

■ Accelerate North
■ Decelerate South
■ A result of magnetic dip
● Compass is a magnet, its attracted to and wants to stay with the other magnet (pole)

43
Q

Instrument Landing System

A

Land Based
Precision Instrument Approach
■ Meaning it provides lateral AND vertical guidance

44
Q

Instrument Landing System
Localizer

A

lined up
● Provides lateral guidance
● Width 5 degrees
● Full deflection to one side is only 2.5 degrees

45
Q

Instrument Landing System
Glideslope

A

● Provides vertical guidance
● Angle between 2.5 and 3.5 degrees

46
Q

Instrument Landing System
Marker Beacons

A

● Avionics signal different colors/audible morse codes when passing
over
○ Outer
■ Flashing blue
■ Dashes - - - - -
■ Usually 4-7nm from runway threshold
○ Middle
■ Flashing amber
■ Dash dot dash dot - . - .
■ 3500 feet from runway threshold
○ Inner
■ Flashing white light
■ Dots . . . . .
■ Short and high pitched

47
Q

Required Inspections

A

○ Annual (12 calendar months)
○ VOR Check (30 days)
○ 100 hour (if for hire)
○ Altimeter/Pitot-Static check (24 calendar months)
○ Transponder (24 calendar months)
○ ELT (12 calendar months)

48
Q

Required Equipment

A

○ VFR Day and night; and
○ Generator/Alternator
○ Radio
○ Altimeter
○ Ball
○ Clock
○ Attitude indicator
○ Rate of turn indicator
○ Directional Gyro

49
Q

IFR Recency/Currency

A

66 HITS
In last 6 months, 6 approaches to include:
■ Holds
■ Intercepting
■ Tracking
■ Navigational Systems

50
Q

IFR Recency/Currency
After 6 months

A

6 more months to get current with safety pilot
● Safety pilot must be at least a private pilot and appropriately rated in
category/class

51
Q

IFR Recency/Currency
After 12 months

A

Instrument Proficiency Check (IPC)
● Can be done by designated examiner, CFII, or approved person
● Details found in back of ACS

52
Q

Logging Instrument Time

A

● Actual
○ Be instrument rated, or
○ Accompanied by appropriately rated CFII

● Simulated
○ Safety pilot
■ Appropriately rated in category/class
■ Able to act as PIC
■ Name must be logged in remarks
○ Given instruction by a CFII

● Recency
○ Approach must be conducted under actual IMC conditions until passed the FAF ○ Or under simulated conditions down to minimums

53
Q

instrument landing system components

A

localizer
glide slope
marker beacons
approach lighting system

instrument (5 decks)

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