staff im struggling with Flashcards
- Enzymes
class of protein with a specific shape, and unique function. All enzymes have an active site, which is a specialized structure which binds to a ligand.
ligand
is the molecule the enzyme binds to either perform a catabolic, anabolic, or other function.
- Gibbs free energy
– Measures the amount of energy through a reaction. The energy at the start must be higher than the energy at the end.
how can delta g be favorable
If you have a positive delta G that is unfavorable as it requires energy, be put into the reaction. Negative delta G are favorable and exergonic.
- Anabolic reactions
Build up larger macromolecules from smaller building blocks.
examples of anabolic reaction :
- Glucose being polymerized into glycogen and DNA synthesis transcripts and translation are all anabolic reactions.
- Catabolic reactions
: break down larger macromolecules into smaller building blocks.
example of catabolic reactions
Digestion is a good example of a catabolic reaction.
- Protein Structure
sequence yields structure which yields function. The sequence of amino acids in protein is dictated by specific sequence of DNA, which yields a specific sequence of nucleotides in RNA, Which during translation is translated to amino acids sequence. The sequence of amino acids is the primary structure of protein.
The quaternary level consists of :
2 or more tertiary structures interacting for the same reasons tertiary structures form.
secondary structures can interact with one another via :
covalent, ionic, and hydrophobic interactions.
- Lipids
Are a class of macromolecules which have a hydrophilic portion and a hydrophobic protein with long hydrocarbon tails.
Saturated lipids
have only single covalent bonds between carbon
unsaturated
tails have double bonds that allow for flexibility.
cell membrane is composed of a :
phospholipid bilayer
lipid bilayer
due to the hydrophilic heads being able to make associations with water molecules with charged oxygen resides on the phosphate.
- Cell membranes are a mix of
saturated and unsaturated phospholipids
Concentration gradients
consist of a barrier of some kind, usually a cell membrane, and particles. Particles will always travel down a concentration gradient towards the side where there are less.
Channels
: channel proteins work with concentration gradients, and do not require energy (ATP) allowing the imbalance to be corrected.
Pumps:
Use chemical energy (ATP), and work against concentration gradients.
Adhesion proteins:
Cells are often linked to other cells or to basement membranes.
Receptor proteins:
Cells communicate with one another and interact with their outside environment.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Transcription
: the process of copying a sequence of DNA (a gene) into messenger RNA (mRNS) form.
genome:
is composed of 23 pairs of (but is 46 without the pairs) chromosomes in the nucleus
3 billion base pairs 98% of the genome is regulatory, ancestral viral in origin, and some of it are nonsense sequences. The other 2% of the genome constitutes genes.
Gene:
a sequence of DNA which codes for a protein.
Transcription:
the process of creating an MRNA molecule from a DNA templet, using the enzyme RNA – Polymerase.
Transcription: consists of 3 steps
- Initiation: the RNA polymerase lands on the promoter region and begins traveling towards the gene.
- Elongation: As soon as the start codon is reached, elongation begins. Elongation continues until a stop (one of the 3) codon is reached.
- Termination: once the stop codon has reached the completed MRNA module and the enzyme floats away.
