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Anatomy and Physiology > class unit 1 > Flashcards

class unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an atom

A

is the smallest unit which retains the chemical signature of certain element

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2
Q

What are atoms composed of

A

they are composed of protons , neutrons and electrons.

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3
Q

What are protons ?

A

they carry a positive charge and are found at the center of the atom called the nucleus

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4
Q

What is the center of a atom called

A

nucleus

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5
Q

What are neautrons

A

they carry no charge and are also found in the nucleus

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6
Q

What are electrons

A

are a negative charge that orbits around the nucleus

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7
Q

Can the number of protons change?

A

They cannot change without that element losing its identity

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8
Q

What is an isotope ?

A

Atoms with unusual number of neutrons that effects its atomic weight.

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9
Q

Do protons and neutrons both carry a weight

A

yes they both carry the weight of one atomic mass or Dalton’s.

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10
Q

Atomic number

A

is defined as the number of protons

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11
Q

What are ions

A

an unusual number of electrons . Which causes the atom to be changed.

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12
Q

Cations

A

have less electrons than they do protons

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13
Q

Anions

A

Carry an overall negative charge since they have more electrons than protons.

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14
Q

convent bond

A

share electrons between atoms

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15
Q

Molecules

A

are two or more atoms bound either the same type are different .

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16
Q

Are 4 bounds between the same atom possible ?

A

It is not possible due to the stress to the 4 bounds

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17
Q

Ionic bonds

A

unlike charge between metals and non metals.

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18
Q

van der walas bond

A

weak electron charges between atoms.

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19
Q

Hydro carbons

A

Molecules or portions of molecules composed of exclusively hydrogen and carbon are hydrophobic.

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20
Q

How many electrons does orbital p carry ?

A

6

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21
Q

How many electrons does “s “ orbital carry ?

A

2

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22
Q

How many electrons does orbital “d” carry ?

A

10

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23
Q

Covalent bonds

A

have unsatisfied orbitals, they can form a bond with another atom of the same or different type.

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24
Q

polar covalent Bonds

A

as it has positive and negative.

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25
Q

Ligand

A

molecule enzyme binds to either perform a , catabolic , anabolic or other function.

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26
Q

Gibbs Free energy

A

Measures the amount of energy through a reaction. The energy at the start must be higher than the energy at the end.

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27
Q

anabolic

A

Reactions build up larger macromolecules form smaller building blocks.

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28
Q

Catabolic reactions:

A

Break down larger macromolecules into smaller building blocks. ( example digestion )

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29
Q

Do Enzymes break down ? List all 4

A

Yes they break down lipids, carbohydrates , nucleotides and proteins taken in diet.

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30
Q

Protein Structure

A

are composed of 20 different amino acids.

Each amino acid has variable chain that makes it unique.

31
Q

Primary structure

A

The sequence of amino acids

32
Q

Secondary structure list 4

A

is composed of alpha helices, beta sheets and random coils / turns.

33
Q
  • Tertiary structure
A

two or more secondary structures which inventor with each other. Can form due to ionic, covalent, or polar interactions

34
Q
  • Quaternary Structure
A

two or more territory structures that interact due to ionic, covalent, or polar interactions.

35
Q
  • Lipids
A

macromolecules with hydrophilic and hydrophobic protein with long hydrocarbon tails.

36
Q

What does DNA use ?

A

Uses deoxyribose

37
Q

RNA

A

uses ribose

38
Q

DNA and RNA what do they both use ?

A

they use carbohydrates to compose nucleotides.

39
Q

Acids

A

(they give off protons in solution )

. Bases are number on the scale above 7 which accepts protons.

40
Q

Saturated lipids

A

(single covalent bonds between carbon

41
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

allow for molecules to be soluble by making hydrogen bonds with charged nitrogen atoms or charged oxygen.

42
Q
  • Diatomic molecules
A

Are often bound to others of their kind.

43
Q

Ph

A

( the power of hydrogen ) the ph scale ranges 1-14.And 7 being the neutral ( pure H2O).Anything below a 7 , the stronger the acid

44
Q

carbohydrates

A

are a class of macromolecules which are usually 5 or 6 ring structures.

45
Q
  • Polymers of carbohydrates
A

can be 1 -4 alpha glycosidic bonds. The beta bonds point up and the alpha bonds point down.

46
Q
  • Enzymes
A

(are a class of protein with a specific shape, and unique function. )

All enzymes have an active site, which is a specialized structure which binds to a ligand.

47
Q
  • Glucose being polymerized into glycogen is an example of
A

anabolic reaction

48
Q
  • Phospholipids
A

the cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer

49
Q

How many Eukaryotes have between carbons ?

A

18-22 in even numbers

50
Q

How many carbons does Prokaryotes have between carbons?

A

17-21 in odd numbers

51
Q
  • Lipid bilayer
A

the hydrophobic tails face inward away from the water, while the heads make associations with water.

52
Q

What are cell membranes a mix of ?

A

Saturated and unsaturated phospholipids.

53
Q

Unsaturated phospholipid

A

tails have bends in them that cause other phospholipids to maintain the distance.

This allows for the membrane to be flexible and not rupture

54
Q

How can the fluidity of the membrane be increased ?

A

(with cholesterol A large bulky lipid )
keep phospholipids from getting close to one another

55
Q

Channels

A

Channel proteins work with concentration gradients and do not require energy

56
Q

Pumps

A

Use chemical energy ( ATP) and work against concentration gradients

57
Q

Adhesion proteins

A

Cells are often linked to other cells or to basement membranes.

58
Q

Receptor proteins

A

(Cells communicate with one another.)

The immune system is a good example of T cells will bind their receptor with MHCI on a host cell to evaluate if the cell is infected by a virus.

59
Q

Cytosol

A

The jelly like substance inside the cell. The cell is a constant of gravity, without it, the organelles would sink to the bottom of the cell like a snow globe.

60
Q

How many chromosomes does a human have ?

A

46 in total (but has 23 pairs of chromosomes.)

61
Q

What does a single gene start with ?

A

TAC

62
Q

What happens during Catabolism

A

a water molecule is used.

63
Q

What happens in Anabolism:

A

a water molecule is always produced.

64
Q

Transcription:

A

the process of copying a sequence of DNA (a gene) into messenger RNA ( mRNS form .

65
Q

gene

A

is a sequence of DNA which codes for protein

66
Q

Can Humans can break down alpha bonds and beta bonds ?

A

alpha bonds, but not beta ones as the enzyme necessary is absent in humans.

67
Q

What does ATP stand for

A

Adenosine triphosphate

68
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Are cells with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

69
Q

give some examples of eukaryotes list 4

A

animals , plants , fungi and protozoa

70
Q

Prokaryotes

A

single celled organisms with no membrane bound nucleus or organelles

71
Q

what are chromosomes

A

are a large structure composed of DNA and histone proteins.

72
Q

cytoplasm

A

is the cytosol plus all of the organelles minus the nucleus.

73
Q

Ribosomes

A

are free floating in the cytosol produce proteins which stay inside of the cell.

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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