class unit 1 Flashcards
What is an atom
is the smallest unit which retains the chemical signature of certain element
What are atoms composed of
they are composed of protons , neutrons and electrons.
What are protons ?
they carry a positive charge and are found at the center of the atom called the nucleus
What is the center of a atom called
nucleus
What are neautrons
they carry no charge and are also found in the nucleus
What are electrons
are a negative charge that orbits around the nucleus
Can the number of protons change?
They cannot change without that element losing its identity
What is an isotope ?
Atoms with unusual number of neutrons that effects its atomic weight.
Do protons and neutrons both carry a weight
yes they both carry the weight of one atomic mass or Dalton’s.
Atomic number
is defined as the number of protons
What are ions
an unusual number of electrons . Which causes the atom to be changed.
Cations
have less electrons than they do protons
Anions
Carry an overall negative charge since they have more electrons than protons.
convent bond
share electrons between atoms
Molecules
are two or more atoms bound either the same type are different .
Are 4 bounds between the same atom possible ?
It is not possible due to the stress to the 4 bounds
Ionic bonds
unlike charge between metals and non metals.
van der walas bond
weak electron charges between atoms.
Hydro carbons
Molecules or portions of molecules composed of exclusively hydrogen and carbon are hydrophobic.
How many electrons does orbital p carry ?
6
How many electrons does “s “ orbital carry ?
2
How many electrons does orbital “d” carry ?
10
Covalent bonds
have unsatisfied orbitals, they can form a bond with another atom of the same or different type.
polar covalent Bonds
as it has positive and negative.
Ligand
molecule enzyme binds to either perform a , catabolic , anabolic or other function.
Gibbs Free energy
Measures the amount of energy through a reaction. The energy at the start must be higher than the energy at the end.
anabolic
Reactions build up larger macromolecules form smaller building blocks.
Catabolic reactions:
Break down larger macromolecules into smaller building blocks. ( example digestion )
Do Enzymes break down ? List all 4
Yes they break down lipids, carbohydrates , nucleotides and proteins taken in diet.
Protein Structure
are composed of 20 different amino acids.
Each amino acid has variable chain that makes it unique.
Primary structure
The sequence of amino acids
Secondary structure list 4
is composed of alpha helices, beta sheets and random coils / turns.
- Tertiary structure
two or more secondary structures which inventor with each other. Can form due to ionic, covalent, or polar interactions
- Quaternary Structure
two or more territory structures that interact due to ionic, covalent, or polar interactions.
- Lipids
macromolecules with hydrophilic and hydrophobic protein with long hydrocarbon tails.
What does DNA use ?
Uses deoxyribose
RNA
uses ribose
DNA and RNA what do they both use ?
they use carbohydrates to compose nucleotides.
Acids
(they give off protons in solution )
. Bases are number on the scale above 7 which accepts protons.
Saturated lipids
(single covalent bonds between carbon
Hydrogen bonds
allow for molecules to be soluble by making hydrogen bonds with charged nitrogen atoms or charged oxygen.
- Diatomic molecules
Are often bound to others of their kind.
Ph
( the power of hydrogen ) the ph scale ranges 1-14.And 7 being the neutral ( pure H2O).Anything below a 7 , the stronger the acid
carbohydrates
are a class of macromolecules which are usually 5 or 6 ring structures.
- Polymers of carbohydrates
can be 1 -4 alpha glycosidic bonds. The beta bonds point up and the alpha bonds point down.
- Enzymes
(are a class of protein with a specific shape, and unique function. )
All enzymes have an active site, which is a specialized structure which binds to a ligand.
- Glucose being polymerized into glycogen is an example of
anabolic reaction
- Phospholipids
the cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer
How many Eukaryotes have between carbons ?
18-22 in even numbers
How many carbons does Prokaryotes have between carbons?
17-21 in odd numbers
- Lipid bilayer
the hydrophobic tails face inward away from the water, while the heads make associations with water.
What are cell membranes a mix of ?
Saturated and unsaturated phospholipids.
Unsaturated phospholipid
tails have bends in them that cause other phospholipids to maintain the distance.
This allows for the membrane to be flexible and not rupture
How can the fluidity of the membrane be increased ?
(with cholesterol A large bulky lipid )
keep phospholipids from getting close to one another
Channels
Channel proteins work with concentration gradients and do not require energy
Pumps
Use chemical energy ( ATP) and work against concentration gradients
Adhesion proteins
Cells are often linked to other cells or to basement membranes.
Receptor proteins
(Cells communicate with one another.)
The immune system is a good example of T cells will bind their receptor with MHCI on a host cell to evaluate if the cell is infected by a virus.
Cytosol
The jelly like substance inside the cell. The cell is a constant of gravity, without it, the organelles would sink to the bottom of the cell like a snow globe.
How many chromosomes does a human have ?
46 in total (but has 23 pairs of chromosomes.)
What does a single gene start with ?
TAC
What happens during Catabolism
a water molecule is used.
What happens in Anabolism:
a water molecule is always produced.
Transcription:
the process of copying a sequence of DNA (a gene) into messenger RNA ( mRNS form .
gene
is a sequence of DNA which codes for protein
Can Humans can break down alpha bonds and beta bonds ?
alpha bonds, but not beta ones as the enzyme necessary is absent in humans.
What does ATP stand for
Adenosine triphosphate
Eukaryotes
Are cells with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
give some examples of eukaryotes list 4
animals , plants , fungi and protozoa
Prokaryotes
single celled organisms with no membrane bound nucleus or organelles
what are chromosomes
are a large structure composed of DNA and histone proteins.
cytoplasm
is the cytosol plus all of the organelles minus the nucleus.
Ribosomes
are free floating in the cytosol produce proteins which stay inside of the cell.
