chapters 4-9

Question 1

Second degree burn:

Answer 1

Causes the skin to become red, painful, and always form a blister.

Question 2

First degree burn

Answer 2

The skin turns red, has minor pain, but does not blister

Question 3

Third degree burn:

Answer 3

Do not feel pain, as the free nerve endings have been destroyed. The dermal layer is destroyed.

Question 4

Fourth degree burn;

Answer 4

Burns down to the hypodermal layer and burn adipose tissue.

Question 5

Fifth degree burn:

Answer 5

Burn muscle and destroy the skin (all three layers).

Question 6

Sixth degree burn

Answer 6

Char bone, and past burn the muscle layer.

Question 7

The two biggest dangers to burn patients are:

Answer 7

dehydration and infection.

Question 8

Squamous cell

Answer 8

is a cancer that affects the keratinocytes and presents lesions commonly found on the scalp, ears, and hands.

Question 9

Melanoma –

Answer 9

is a cancer characterized by the uncontrolled growth of melanocytes.

Question 10

Basal cell

Answer 10

– is a form of cancer that affects the mitotically active stem cells (can be found on the head, neck, arms and back) Anywhere it has long exposer to the sun.

Question 11

List the reasons for the skeletal system list 4 :

Answer 11

Structure and support, protection , storage and a factory.

Question 12

Compact bone

Answer 12

dense osseous tissue that can
withstand compressive forces

Question 13

spongey bone

Answer 13

The trabeculae are going to give spongy bone support. Spongy bone can distribute weight evenly. Spongy bone will be found on the tips of long bones such as femurs, the tibia, and the humerus.

Question 14

flat bones list all four

Answer 14

Sternum, ribs, scapula, cranial bone

Question 15

Long bone list all six

Answer 15

Humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia and fibula.

Question 16

Short bones list two

Answer 16

Carpals and tarsals

Question 17

Irregular list the two

Answer 17

vertebrae and os coxa

Question 18

Sesamoid

Answer 18

Parallel

Question 19

• Osteoblasts:

Answer 19

Are bone cells which give rise to Osteocytes (Mature bone cells),

Question 20

• Osteoclasts:

Answer 20

Are bone cells which break down bone matrix

Question 21

• Osteocytes:

Answer 21

are mature bone cells which maintain the calcium salts which make up bone matrix.

Question 22

• Osteoprogenitor cells:

Answer 22

give rise to osteoblasts. Type of stem cell Osteoprogenitor —– osteoblasts ———- osteocytes.

Question 23

How many vertebrae do humans have:

Answer 23

24

Question 24

In the spine what is the first section called containing vertebrae c1-c7

Answer 24

Cervical vertebrae

Question 25

In the spine what is the second section called containing vertebrae t1-t12

Answer 25

Thoracic vertebrae

Question 26

In the spine what is the third section called containing vertebrae l1-l5

Answer 26

Lumbar vertebrae

Question 27

How many ribs do humans have

Answer 27

12

Question 28

What is a true rib

Answer 28

It is ribs 1-7. These ribs are attached to sternum.

Question 29

what is a false rib

Answer 29

it is ribs 8-12 these ribs are branched off from other ribs.

Question 30

what is a floating rib

Answer 30

it is ribs 11-12 these ribs are not attached to the sternum or other ribs.

Question 31

Simple fracture

Answer 31

Bone is broken but the skin is intact.

Question 32

Compound open fracture

Answer 32

bone breaking through the skin

Question 33

Impact fracture

Answer 33

the proximal end has pierced into the distal end.

Question 34

Comminuted fracture-

Answer 34

is when the bone has shattered.

Question 35

Spiral Fracture-

Answer 35

Bone segments are pulled as a result in a twist motion.

Question 36

Green stick fracture

Answer 36

: One side of the bone is broken

Question 37

Vitiligo

Answer 37

– is an autoimmune disease (genetic) which attacks melanocytes, which causes random loss of skin pigment.

Question 38

How do bones grow in length

Answer 38

1st layer – resting cartilage (contains stem cells)

2nd layer – proliferating cartilage (where cells are rapidly going through mitosis)

3rd layer – hypertrophic (cartilage cells begin to transition into new bone layer)

Question 39

How do bones grow in gurth

Answer 39

Bones grow in girth by the endosteum layer being broken down by osteoclasts, and the periosteum layer being built up by osteoblasts. This continues until adulthood when the bones stop growing.

Question 40

What happens when calcium levels are too high

Answer 40

the thyroid produces the hormone calcitonin which activates osteoblasts to build more bone matrix.

Question 41

What happens when calcium levels are too low

Answer 41

The calcium levels in the blood drop as a new bone matrix is produced.

Question 42

Homeostasis

Answer 42

Is defined as the balance of various hormones, metabolites, temperature, and various levels of glucose, sodium and calcium are maintained at healthy physiological conditions.

Question 43

pivot joint

Answer 43

: A good example is the atlas and the axis which allow you to shake your head no.

Question 44

Saddle joint

Answer 44

: Fingers on the metacarpals are on the saddle joints. The range of motion is in two directions, up and down.

Question 45

Plane joints

Answer 45

are found in the tarsals of the feet. They can glide over each other in 2D directions along the x and y axis but not the z axis.

Question 46

Hinge joint:

Answer 46

The knee and elbows are hinge joints. They bend one direction but not the other like a door on a hinge opens in one direction.

Question 47

Condyloid joint

Answer 47

The radius and scaphoid and lunate of the carpals forms a condyloid joint that allows the hand to move in 360 degrees but not pivot.

Question 48

Ball and socket joint:

Answer 48

The shoulders and hips are ball in the socket joints, also called multiaxial as 360 degrees and pivoting is possible.

Question 49

Sutural joints

Answer 49

are immovable and are found between the bones of the skull. Thousands of ligaments hold these bones together.

Question 50

• Syndesmosis

Answer 50

Two bones which are situated next to each other such as the ulna and radius have cartilage between them and ligaments which hold them in place.

Question 51

• Gomphosis:

Answer 51

Thousands of periodontal ligaments hold the teeth in the alveolar pockets of the joints they break and reform which allows braces to move the teeth.

Question 52

• Semi movable joints

Answer 52

Such as the intervertebral discs of the vertebrae or the hyaline cartilage connecting the ribs to the sternum has a limited range of motion.

Question 53

• Articulating cartilage

Answer 53

Is incredibly slick with a low coefficient of friction. Synovial fluid is the most slippery substance in biology and allows for the bone to glide over each other with a coefficient of friction of 0.001. With old age or overuse articulating cartilage can break down leading to arthritis.

Question 54

Fibrin-

Answer 54

is a protein that forms a spiderweb like matrix to form and along with platelets the branch is sealed, and a clot forms.