chapters 4-9 Flashcards
Second degree burn:
Causes the skin to become red, painful, and always form a blister.
First degree burn
The skin turns red, has minor pain, but does not blister
Third degree burn:
Do not feel pain, as the free nerve endings have been destroyed. The dermal layer is destroyed.
Fourth degree burn;
Burns down to the hypodermal layer and burn adipose tissue.
Fifth degree burn:
Burn muscle and destroy the skin (all three layers).
Sixth degree burn
Char bone, and past burn the muscle layer.
The two biggest dangers to burn patients are:
dehydration and infection.
Squamous cell
is a cancer that affects the keratinocytes and presents lesions commonly found on the scalp, ears, and hands.
Melanoma –
is a cancer characterized by the uncontrolled growth of melanocytes.
Basal cell
– is a form of cancer that affects the mitotically active stem cells (can be found on the head, neck, arms and back) Anywhere it has long exposer to the sun.
List the reasons for the skeletal system list 4 :
Structure and support, protection , storage and a factory.
Compact bone
dense osseous tissue that can
withstand compressive forces
spongey bone
The trabeculae are going to give spongy bone support. Spongy bone can distribute weight evenly. Spongy bone will be found on the tips of long bones such as femurs, the tibia, and the humerus.
flat bones list all four
Sternum, ribs, scapula, cranial bone
Long bone list all six
Humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia and fibula.
Short bones list two
Carpals and tarsals
Irregular list the two
vertebrae and os coxa
Sesamoid
Parallel
- Osteoblasts:
Are bone cells which give rise to Osteocytes (Mature bone cells),
- Osteoclasts:
Are bone cells which break down bone matrix
- Osteocytes:
are mature bone cells which maintain the calcium salts which make up bone matrix.
- Osteoprogenitor cells:
give rise to osteoblasts. Type of stem cell Osteoprogenitor —– osteoblasts ———- osteocytes.
How many vertebrae do humans have:
24
In the spine what is the first section called containing vertebrae c1-c7
Cervical vertebrae
In the spine what is the second section called containing vertebrae t1-t12
Thoracic vertebrae
In the spine what is the third section called containing vertebrae l1-l5
Lumbar vertebrae
How many ribs do humans have
12
What is a true rib
It is ribs 1-7. These ribs are attached to sternum.
what is a false rib
it is ribs 8-12 these ribs are branched off from other ribs.
what is a floating rib
it is ribs 11-12 these ribs are not attached to the sternum or other ribs.
Simple fracture
Bone is broken but the skin is intact.
Compound open fracture
bone breaking through the skin
Impact fracture
the proximal end has pierced into the distal end.
Comminuted fracture-
is when the bone has shattered.
Spiral Fracture-
Bone segments are pulled as a result in a twist motion.
Green stick fracture
: One side of the bone is broken
Vitiligo
– is an autoimmune disease (genetic) which attacks melanocytes, which causes random loss of skin pigment.
How do bones grow in length
1st layer – resting cartilage (contains stem cells)
2nd layer – proliferating cartilage (where cells are rapidly going through mitosis)
3rd layer – hypertrophic (cartilage cells begin to transition into new bone layer)
How do bones grow in gurth
Bones grow in girth by the endosteum layer being broken down by osteoclasts, and the periosteum layer being built up by osteoblasts. This continues until adulthood when the bones stop growing.
What happens when calcium levels are too high
the thyroid produces the hormone calcitonin which activates osteoblasts to build more bone matrix.
What happens when calcium levels are too low
The calcium levels in the blood drop as a new bone matrix is produced.
Homeostasis
Is defined as the balance of various hormones, metabolites, temperature, and various levels of glucose, sodium and calcium are maintained at healthy physiological conditions.
pivot joint
: A good example is the atlas and the axis which allow you to shake your head no.
Saddle joint
: Fingers on the metacarpals are on the saddle joints. The range of motion is in two directions, up and down.
Plane joints
are found in the tarsals of the feet. They can glide over each other in 2D directions along the x and y axis but not the z axis.
Hinge joint:
The knee and elbows are hinge joints. They bend one direction but not the other like a door on a hinge opens in one direction.
Condyloid joint
The radius and scaphoid and lunate of the carpals forms a condyloid joint that allows the hand to move in 360 degrees but not pivot.
Ball and socket joint:
The shoulders and hips are ball in the socket joints, also called multiaxial as 360 degrees and pivoting is possible.
Sutural joints
are immovable and are found between the bones of the skull. Thousands of ligaments hold these bones together.
- Syndesmosis
Two bones which are situated next to each other such as the ulna and radius have cartilage between them and ligaments which hold them in place.
- Gomphosis:
Thousands of periodontal ligaments hold the teeth in the alveolar pockets of the joints they break and reform which allows braces to move the teeth.
- Semi movable joints
Such as the intervertebral discs of the vertebrae or the hyaline cartilage connecting the ribs to the sternum has a limited range of motion.
- Articulating cartilage
Is incredibly slick with a low coefficient of friction. Synovial fluid is the most slippery substance in biology and allows for the bone to glide over each other with a coefficient of friction of 0.001. With old age or overuse articulating cartilage can break down leading to arthritis.
Fibrin-
is a protein that forms a spiderweb like matrix to form and along with platelets the branch is sealed, and a clot forms.
