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Somatic Studies II > SSII Final (Ch 17 & 18) > Flashcards

SSII Final (Ch 17 & 18) Flashcards

1
Q

what is a mediator molecule that is released in one part of the body and has an effect on cells in another part of the body?

A

a hormone

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2
Q

what do somatotrophs release?

A

human growth hormone (HGH)

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3
Q

what does human growth hormone (HGH) do?

A

stimulates general body growth

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4
Q

what is acromegaly?

A

the result of excess HGH during adulthood

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5
Q

what are thyrotrophs release?

A

thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH)

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6
Q

what do thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) do?

A

controls secretions and activities of the thyroid (T3 and T4, metabolism)

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7
Q

what do lactotrophs do?

A

secrete prolactin (PRL)

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8
Q

what does prolactin (PRL) do?

A

initiates milk production in mammary glands

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9
Q

what do corticotrophs do?

A

secrete adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

aka: Corticotrophin

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10
Q

what does adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) hormones/corticotropin do?

A

stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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11
Q

what hormones do the posterior pituitary gland produce?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

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12
Q

what does ADH/vasopressin do?

A

decrease urine production, return more water to the blood

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13
Q

what do follicular cells produce?

A

the thyroid hormones T3 and T4

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14
Q

what is the hormone produced by parafollicular cells (in the thyroid)?

A

calcitonin

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15
Q

what does slow heart rate, sensitivity to cold, dry hair and skin, edema, and weight gain indicate?

A

hypothyroidism

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16
Q

what does increased heart rate, weight loss, tremors, and exophthalmus (sometimes) indicate?

A

hyperthyroidism

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17
Q

what is the most common form of hyperthyroidism?

A

grave’s disease

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18
Q

what is the most common form of hypothyroidism?

A

Hashimoto’s

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19
Q

what decreases the level of calcium in the blood?

A

calcitonin

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20
Q

how do calcitonin decrease the amount of calcium in the blood?

A

inhibit the activity of osteoclasts and bone resorption

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21
Q

what do the parathyroid glands release?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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22
Q

what does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

A

monitors low levels of blood calcium

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23
Q

what do parathyroid hormones (PTH) increase?

A

increase the blood calcium level

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24
Q

what are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

A

the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla

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25
Q

what does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

steroid hormones that are essential for life

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26
Q

what do mineralocorticoids affect?

A

mineral homeostasis (aldosterone)

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27
Q

what do mineralocorticoids/aldosterone regulate?

A

sodium and potassium levels

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28
Q

what do mineralocorticoids maintain?

A

normal blood pressure and volume

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29
Q

what do glucocorticoids regulate?

A

metabolism of glucose and resistance to stress

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30
Q

what is the main glucocorticoid?

A

cortisol

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31
Q

what is cortisol?

A

the stress handling hormone of the body

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32
Q

what is a hyperadrenal disorder?

A

cushing’s syndrome

33
Q

what are hypoadrenal disorders?

A

addison’s disease

34
Q

what does glucagon do?

A

increases blood glucose

35
Q

what happens when blood glucose increases?

A

hepatocytes (liver cells) convert glycogen to glucose

36
Q

what does insulin do?

A

decrease blood glucose levels by converting glucose into glycogen

37
Q

what is the loss of insulin production or the inability to respond to insulin?

A

diabetes mellitus

38
Q

what is it called when the immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells?

A

type I diabetes (congenital)

39
Q

what is it called when cells in target organs become less sensitive to insulin?

A

type II diabetes (dietary)

40
Q

what part of the brain is the pineal gland located?

A

the epithalamus

41
Q

what secrets melatonin?

A

the pineal gland

42
Q

what is the process of perceiving smells?

A

olfaction

43
Q

what type of receptors detect smell?

A

chemoreceptors

44
Q

what are the five primary tastes?

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami

45
Q

what is the fibrous tunic composed of?

A

the cornea and the sclera

46
Q

what does the cornea do?

A

helps focus light onto the retina

47
Q

what is the vascular tunic composed of?

A

choroid and ciliary body

48
Q

what does the iris do?

A

regulates the amount of light entering the eyeball through the pupil

49
Q

what are the two muscles that make up the iris?

A

the radial muscle and the circular muscle

50
Q

what does the radial muscle do?

A

makes pupils open larger (“radiates” away)

51
Q

what type of response occurs in low light?

A

sympathetic response (circular muscle)

52
Q

what type of response occurs in bright light?

A

parasympathetic response (radial muscle)

53
Q

what is another name for a blind spot?

A

optic disc

54
Q

what do rods do?

A

detect black, white, and shades of grey

55
Q

what do cones do?

A

detect color

56
Q

what part of the eye is similar to a lens of a camera?

A

the cornea (focuses image)

57
Q

what is similar to film?

A

retina

58
Q

what is the bending of light?

A

refraction

59
Q

what is the change in shape of lens to focus on close objects?

A

accommodation

60
Q

what is the inward movement of the eye?

A

convergence

61
Q

what does accommodation do?

A

focuses on close objects

62
Q

what is an emmetropic eye?

A

normal vision

63
Q

what is it called when only close objects can be seen clearly?

A

myopia

64
Q

what is hyperopia?

A

farsightedness

65
Q

what is it called when only distant objects can be seen clearly?

A

hyperopia

66
Q

what is the loss of vision due to aging called?

A

presbyopia

67
Q

what are the three auditory ossicles?

A

the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup)

68
Q

what are the muscles of the middle ear?

A

the stapedius and the tensor tympani

69
Q

what is the smallest skeletal muscle?

A

the stapedius

70
Q

what does the external ear do?

A

collects and channel sound inward

71
Q

what does the middle ear do?

A

uses bony system to amplify sound vibrations

72
Q

what does the inner ear do?

A

contains hair cells that are receptors for hearing and balance

73
Q

what takes place in the inner ear?

A

hearing and balance

74
Q

what are the three areas of the bony labyrinth?

A

the semicircular canals, the vestibule, and the cochlea

75
Q

what is the vestibule used for?

A

static equilibrium

76
Q

what is the semicircular canal control?

A

dynamic equilibrium

77
Q

what is the portion responsible for the sensation of hearing?

A

the cochlea

78
Q

what is a “free” hormone, bind to receptors in plasma membrane outside of the cell?

A

water soluble hormone

79
Q

what is bound to transport protein, when they get to target cell they can diffuse through plasma membrane (has more direct effect)?

A

lipid soluble hormone

Somatic Studies II (8 decks)

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