SSII Final (Ch 17 & 18) Flashcards
what is a mediator molecule that is released in one part of the body and has an effect on cells in another part of the body?
a hormone
what do somatotrophs release?
human growth hormone (HGH)
what does human growth hormone (HGH) do?
stimulates general body growth
what is acromegaly?
the result of excess HGH during adulthood
what are thyrotrophs release?
thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH)
what do thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) do?
controls secretions and activities of the thyroid (T3 and T4, metabolism)
what do lactotrophs do?
secrete prolactin (PRL)
what does prolactin (PRL) do?
initiates milk production in mammary glands
what do corticotrophs do?
secrete adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
aka: Corticotrophin
what does adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) hormones/corticotropin do?
stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids (cortisol)
what hormones do the posterior pituitary gland produce?
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
what does ADH/vasopressin do?
decrease urine production, return more water to the blood
what do follicular cells produce?
the thyroid hormones T3 and T4
what is the hormone produced by parafollicular cells (in the thyroid)?
calcitonin
what does slow heart rate, sensitivity to cold, dry hair and skin, edema, and weight gain indicate?
hypothyroidism
what does increased heart rate, weight loss, tremors, and exophthalmus (sometimes) indicate?
hyperthyroidism
what is the most common form of hyperthyroidism?
grave’s disease
what is the most common form of hypothyroidism?
Hashimoto’s
what decreases the level of calcium in the blood?
calcitonin
how do calcitonin decrease the amount of calcium in the blood?
inhibit the activity of osteoclasts and bone resorption
what do the parathyroid glands release?
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
what does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?
monitors low levels of blood calcium
what do parathyroid hormones (PTH) increase?
increase the blood calcium level
what are the two parts of the adrenal glands?
the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla
what does the adrenal cortex produce?
steroid hormones that are essential for life
what do mineralocorticoids affect?
mineral homeostasis (aldosterone)
what do mineralocorticoids/aldosterone regulate?
sodium and potassium levels
what do mineralocorticoids maintain?
normal blood pressure and volume
what do glucocorticoids regulate?
metabolism of glucose and resistance to stress
what is the main glucocorticoid?
cortisol
what is cortisol?
the stress handling hormone of the body
what is a hyperadrenal disorder?
cushing’s syndrome
what are hypoadrenal disorders?
addison’s disease
what does glucagon do?
increases blood glucose
what happens when blood glucose increases?
hepatocytes (liver cells) convert glycogen to glucose
what does insulin do?
decrease blood glucose levels by converting glucose into glycogen
what is the loss of insulin production or the inability to respond to insulin?
diabetes mellitus
what is it called when the immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells?
type I diabetes (congenital)
what is it called when cells in target organs become less sensitive to insulin?
type II diabetes (dietary)
what part of the brain is the pineal gland located?
the epithalamus
what secrets melatonin?
the pineal gland
what is the process of perceiving smells?
olfaction
what type of receptors detect smell?
chemoreceptors
what are the five primary tastes?
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami
what is the fibrous tunic composed of?
the cornea and the sclera
what does the cornea do?
helps focus light onto the retina
what is the vascular tunic composed of?
choroid and ciliary body
what does the iris do?
regulates the amount of light entering the eyeball through the pupil
what are the two muscles that make up the iris?
the radial muscle and the circular muscle
what does the radial muscle do?
makes pupils open larger (“radiates” away)
what type of response occurs in low light?
sympathetic response (circular muscle)
what type of response occurs in bright light?
parasympathetic response (radial muscle)
what is another name for a blind spot?
optic disc
what do rods do?
detect black, white, and shades of grey
what do cones do?
detect color
what part of the eye is similar to a lens of a camera?
the cornea (focuses image)
what is similar to film?
retina
what is the bending of light?
refraction
what is the change in shape of lens to focus on close objects?
accommodation
what is the inward movement of the eye?
convergence
what does accommodation do?
focuses on close objects
what is an emmetropic eye?
normal vision
what is it called when only close objects can be seen clearly?
myopia
what is hyperopia?
farsightedness
what is it called when only distant objects can be seen clearly?
hyperopia
what is the loss of vision due to aging called?
presbyopia
what are the three auditory ossicles?
the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup)
what are the muscles of the middle ear?
the stapedius and the tensor tympani
what is the smallest skeletal muscle?
the stapedius
what does the external ear do?
collects and channel sound inward
what does the middle ear do?
uses bony system to amplify sound vibrations
what does the inner ear do?
contains hair cells that are receptors for hearing and balance
what takes place in the inner ear?
hearing and balance
what are the three areas of the bony labyrinth?
the semicircular canals, the vestibule, and the cochlea
what is the vestibule used for?
static equilibrium
what is the semicircular canal control?
dynamic equilibrium
what is the portion responsible for the sensation of hearing?
the cochlea
what is a “free” hormone, bind to receptors in plasma membrane outside of the cell?
water soluble hormone
what is bound to transport protein, when they get to target cell they can diffuse through plasma membrane (has more direct effect)?
lipid soluble hormone
