SSII Final (Ch 16) Flashcards
what are the two motor neurons?
upper and lower motor neurons
where are upper motor neurons?
extend from the brain stem to the spinal cord
where are lower motor neurons?
pass via cranial or spinal nerves to NMJ to innervate skeletal muscles
how many sensory nerves are there?
three
what are the sensory nerve order?
first order neuron
second order neuron
third order neuron
what does the second order neuron do?
conduct ascending impulses from the brain stem/spinal cord to thalamus on opposite side of the brain (decussation)
what do third order neurons do?
conduct ascending impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory cortex on the same side
what provides information about the external environment (ex: hearing, vision, smell, touch)
exteroceptors
what monitors the internal environment?
interoceptors
what provides information about body position, muscle tension, length, and position and joint movements?
proprioceptors
what senses mechanical stimuli (deformation, stretching)?
mechanoreceptors
what detects change in temperature?
thermoreceptors
what responds to painful stimuli?
nociceptors
what detects light on the retina?
photoreceptors
what detects chemicals in the mouth, nose, and body fluids?
chemoreceptors
what detects osmotic pressure of body fluids?
osmoreceptors
what are the touch receptor types?
meissner corpuscles (corpuscles of touch)
merkel discs (type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors)
hair root plexuses
ruffini corpuscles (type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors)
Pacinian
what detects the onset of touch?
meissner corpuscles (corpuscles of touch)
what senses light touch and is fast adapting?
hair root plexuses
what senses light touch, is slow adapting, and is continuous touch?
merkel discs (type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors)
what is sensitive to crude touch and stretching?
ruffini corpuscles (type II cutaneous mechanorceptors)
what monitors change in muscle length and forces a muscle to contract?
muscle spindles
what is responsible for the stretch reflex?
muscle spindles
what monitors tension?
golgi tendon organs
what is responsible for the tendon reflex?
golgi tendon organs
what monitors joint position and joint movement?
joint kinesthetic receptors
what conducts ascending impulses from the brain stem or spinal cord to the thalamus on the opposite side of the brain?
second order neurons
what is the process of perceiving smells?
olfaction
what do first order neurons do?
take a sense (ex: from finger), and relay info to spinal cord
what is pain at the skin level?
superficial pain
what is pain in skeletal muscles, joints, tendons, or fascia?
deep somatic pain
