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Somatic Studies II > Ch 19 > Flashcards

Ch 19 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of blood?

A

transportation, regulation, and protection

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2
Q

what type of tissue is blood?

A

connective tissue

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3
Q

what is the liquid portion of blood?

A

plasma

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4
Q

what is the solid portion of blood?

A

formed elements

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5
Q

what are red blood cells (most), white blood cells, and platelets?

A

formed elements in blood

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6
Q

what does plasma consist of?

A

water (most), solutes (proteins, electrolytes, gases, nutrients, regulatory substances, and waste)

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7
Q

what are most of the solutes in blood plasma?

A

proteins

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8
Q

what produces the proteins in blood plasma?

A

the liver

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9
Q

what are albumin, fibrinogen, and globulin?

A

plasma proteins

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10
Q

what is a plasma protein that maintains osmotic pressure?

A

albumin

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11
Q

what is a plasma protein that helps stop bleeding (clotting)?

A

fibrinogen

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12
Q

what is a plasma protein that protects against virus and bacteria?

A

globulins

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13
Q

what is another name for RBCs?

A

erythrocytes

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14
Q

what transports oxygen from the lungs to cells and transport carbon dioxide from cells to lungs?

A

RBCs

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15
Q

what is another name for white blood cells?

A

leukocytes

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16
Q

what protects from invading pathogens and foreign substances?

A

white blood cells

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17
Q

what is another name for platelets?

A

thrombocytes

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18
Q

what promote blood clotting when there is damage?

A

thrombocytes

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19
Q

what is the water inside of cells called?

A

intercellular

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20
Q

what is the water outside of cells called?

A

extracellular

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21
Q

what is the fluid that is outside of organs and blood vessels?

A

interstitial fluid

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22
Q

what is the process by which formed elements of blood develop?

A

hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis

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23
Q

what are blood cells in red bone marrow formed from?

A

pluripotent stem cells

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24
Q

what is a reticulocyte?

A

an immature red blood cell

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25
Q

what happens as a reticulocyte matures?

A

the nucleus is ejected

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26
Q

what transports oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide from cells?

A

red blood cells

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27
Q

what is hemoglobin?

A

oxygen carrying protein

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28
Q

what does each hemoglobin bind with?

A

four O2

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29
Q

what are huge cells that splinter into thousands of fragments?

A

megakaryocytes

30
Q

what is another name for a platelet?

A

thrombocyte

31
Q

what helps stop blood loss from damaged vessels by clotting?

A

platelets

32
Q

what is a fragment of megakaryocytes enclosed by a piece of the plasma membrane?

A

platelet (thrombocyte)

33
Q

what are neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils?

A

types of white blood cells

34
Q

what are the most common white blood cells, first to the scene, phagocytic?

A

neutrophils

35
Q

what are the main phagocytes of white blood cell, become macrophages?

A

monocytes

36
Q

what are white blood cells that enhance inflammation and secrete histamine (increasing blood flow)?

A

basophils

37
Q

what are white blood cells that combat inflammation, (parasites)?

A

eosinophils

38
Q

what is a sequence of responses that stops bleeding (hemorrhage)?

A

hemostasis

39
Q

what are the three mechanisms that reduce blood loss?

A

vascular spasm, formation of platelet plug, and blood clotting (coagulation)

40
Q

what is a vascular spasm?

A

smooth muscle fibers constrict, reducing blood loss (minutes to hours)

41
Q

what are the three steps to the formation of a platelet plug?

A
  1. Platelet adhesion
  2. Release reaction
  3. Platelet aggregation (plug the hole)
42
Q

what is a cascade of reactions that result in formation of protein fibers that adhere with formed elements, forming a clot?

A

blood clotting/coagulation

43
Q

what are the two pathways for blood clotting?

A

extrinsic pathway and intrinsic pathway

44
Q

what is an enzyme produced by extrinsic and intrinsic pathways?

A

prothrombinase

45
Q

what happens in the first phase of platelet plug formation?

A

platelets contact and stick to parts of damaged blood vessel

46
Q

what happens in the second phase of platelet plug formation?

A

platelets extend projections and make contact and interact with each other

47
Q

what happens in the third phase of platelet plug formation?

A

platelets become sticky, allowing them to stop blood loss completely

48
Q

which pathway in blood clotting is fast?

A

extrinsic pathway

49
Q

which pathway in blood clotting is slower?

A

intrinsic pathway

50
Q

what pathway in blood clotting is activated by factors inside of the blood?

A

intrinsic pathway

51
Q

which pathway in blood clotting is activated by factors outside of the blood vessels?

A

extrinsic pathway

52
Q

what is the common pathway?

A

the second stage of blood clotting

53
Q

what is it called when prothrombinase is converted into prothrombin and thrombin?

A

the common pathway

54
Q

what happens in the third phase of blood clotting?

A

thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin

55
Q

what is fibrin?

A

insoluble fibers

56
Q

what does thrombin speed up the formation of?

A

extra prothrombinase and activates platelets

57
Q

what is a foreign substance?

A

antigen

58
Q

what is the ABO blood group determined by?

A

the presence or absence of A and B antigens

59
Q

which blood type has “universal recipients”?

A

AB individuals (neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies)

60
Q

what blood type has “universal donors”?

A

O individuals (no antigens)

61
Q

what blood type is determined by the presence of absence of A and B antigens?

A

ABO blood group

62
Q

what is the Rh system?

A

RBC with Rh antigen are Rh+ and without Rh antigen are Rh-

63
Q

what happens when a Rh+ fetus develops in the uterus of an Rh- woman?

A

hemolytic disease

64
Q

what is a group of cancers of the bone marrow which results in uncontrollable division of WBCs?

A

lukemia

65
Q

what has a low WBC count and indicates a disorder of the immune system?

A

leukopenia

66
Q

what has a high WBC count and indicates infectious process or a cancer?

A

leukocytosis

67
Q

what is the total blood volume occupied by RBCs?

A

hematocrit

68
Q

what is a condition where the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced due to low RBCs?

A

anemia

69
Q

what is the result of a low iron intake?

A

anemia

70
Q

what is a condition of abnormally high hematocrit?

A

polycythemia

71
Q

what is caused by a genetic defect that produces abnormal hemoglobin?

A

sickle-cell disease

72
Q

what causes blockages in blood vessels?

A

sickle-cell disease

Somatic Studies II (8 decks)

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