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Somatic Studies II > Ch 20 > Flashcards

Ch 20 Flashcards

1
Q

how many times does blood pass through the heart?

A

two times

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2
Q

what side of the body has deoxygenated blood?

A

the right side

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3
Q

what type of circulation occurs on the right side of the body?

A

pulmonary circulation

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4
Q

what type of circulation occurs on the left side of the body?

A

systemic circulation

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5
Q

which type of circulation goes to the lungs (and back)?

A

pulmonary circulation

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6
Q

what type of circulation goes out to the body?

A

systemic circulation

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7
Q

what does the apex of the heart rest on?

A

the diaphragm

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8
Q

what is the thin, transparent outer later of the heart wall?

A

epicardium

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9
Q

what is another name for the epicardium?

A

visceral layer of the serous pericardium

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10
Q

what is the thick, middle layer of the heart wall?

A

myocardium

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11
Q

what type of muscle is the myocardium composed of?

A

cardiac muscle

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12
Q

which part of the heart wall is in direct contact with blood?

A

endocardium

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13
Q

what helps minimize friction as the blood passes through the heart?

A

the endocardium

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14
Q

what is continuous with the inside of blood vessels?

A

the endocardium

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15
Q

what is the membrane that surrounds and protects the heart?

A

the pericardium

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16
Q

what part of the pericardium is composed of dense, irregular connective tissue?

A

fibrous pericardium

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17
Q

what part of the pericardium is more thin and delicate?

A

the serous pericardium

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18
Q

what are the two layers of the serous pericardium?

A

the parietal layer and the visceral layer

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19
Q

what part of the serous pericardium is fused to fibrous pericardium?

A

parietal layer

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20
Q

what part of the serous pericardium adheres to the heart wall?

A

visceral layer

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21
Q

what is the space between the layers of serous pericardium?

A

the pericardial cavity

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22
Q

what reduces friction between two layers of serous pericardium as the heart moves?

A

the pericardial fluid

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23
Q

what is an acute inflammation of the pericardium?

A

pericarditis

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24
Q

what mimics the symptoms of a heart attack?

A

pericarditis

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25
Q

what is a chronic condition of the heart that decreases cardiac output?

A

cardiac tamponade

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26
Q

what is the superior part of the heart?

A

the atria

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27
Q

what receives blood from veins?

A

the atria

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28
Q

what is a blood vessel that returns blood to the heart?

A

a vein

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29
Q

what pumps blood out of the heart into arteries?

A

ventricles

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30
Q

what takes blood away from the heart?

A

arteries

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31
Q

what side of the heart receives blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body?

A

the left side, systemic circulation

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32
Q

what side of the heart receives blood from the body and returns it to the lungs?

A

the right side, pulmonary circulation

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33
Q

what prevents back flow of blood by opening and closing in response to pressure changes?

A

valves

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34
Q

what are “one way doors”?

A

valves

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35
Q

what are the four valves of the heart?

A

two atrioventricular valves and two semilunar valves

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36
Q

what type of valve is the tricuspid and bicuspid valve?

A

atrioventricular valves

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37
Q

what is another name for the bicuspid valve?

A

mitral valve

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38
Q

what is the name of the valve between the right atrium and the ventricle?

A

the tricuspid valve

39
Q

what is the name of the valve between the left atrium and ventricle?

A

the bicuspid (mitral) valve

40
Q

what is found between the ventricles and arteries leading away from the heart?

A

semilunar valves

41
Q

which valve opens from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk to the lungs?

A

the pulmonary valve

42
Q

which valve opens from the left ventricle into the aorta to the body?

A

the aortic valve

43
Q

where does the myocardium receive its oxygen and nutrients from?

A

from blood glowing through the coronary circulation

44
Q

what branches from the ascending aorta and supplies blood to the myocardium?

A

the left and right coronary arteries

45
Q

what collects the into the coronary sinus on the back part of the heart?

A

coronary veins

46
Q

where do coronary veins empty?

A

into the right atrium

47
Q

what are 1% of the muscle cells of the heart called?

A

autorhythmic fibers

48
Q

what type of fibers are self excitable?

A

autorhythmic fibers

49
Q

what is responsible for the heart beating even after removal from the body?

A

autorhythmic fibers

50
Q

what acts as a pacemaker and forms a cardiac conduction system?

A

autorhythmic fibers

51
Q

what sets a rhythm of contraction with the heart?

A

pacemaker

52
Q

what is a system of specialized muscle cells that ensures that the heart contracts in a systematic, coordinated way?

A

cardiac conduction system

53
Q

what do cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle have in common?

A

they are both striated

54
Q

where do cardiac muscle cells connect to and communicate through neighboring cells?

A

gap junctions

55
Q

where are gap junctions?

A

intercalated discs

56
Q

what are the steps/action potentials to cardiac conduction?

A
  1. ) SA node in the wall of right atrium
  2. ) AV node in interatrial septum
  3. ) bundle of His
  4. ) right and left bundle branches in interventricular septum
  5. ) purkinje fibers from apex to rest of myocardium
57
Q

what is the SA node?

A

the sinonartiral node

58
Q

what is the AV node?

A

the atrioventricular node

59
Q

what is the bundle of His?

A

the atrioventricular bundle

60
Q

what is the recording of electrical changes resulting from depolarization and repolarization of the myocardium?

A

ECG (electrocardiogram)

61
Q

what does an ECG detect?

A

P wave, PQ-interval, QRS wave/complex, T wave, and Q-T interval

62
Q

what is atrial depolarization in an ECG?

A

P wave

63
Q

what is the ventricular depolarization in an ECG?

A

QRS wave

64
Q

what is the time from beginning of ventricular depolarization to the end of ventricular repolarization?

A

Q-T interval

65
Q

what is the relaxation phase of the heart?

A

diastole

66
Q

what is the contraction phase of the heart?

A

systole

67
Q

when are ventricles relaxed?

A

atrial systole

68
Q

when are the atria relaxed?

A

ventricle systole

69
Q

what is it called when you listen to the sounds of the heart?

A

auscultation

70
Q

what creates the “lubb dupp” sound of the heart?

A

closure of the valve (opening is silent)

71
Q

what is the beginning of ventricular systole?

A

S1, the closure of AV valves

72
Q

what is the closure of semilunar valves?

A

S2, begninning of ventricular diastole

73
Q

what are all events associated with one heartbeat called?

A

the cardiac cycle

74
Q

what is a contraction of both the atria and ventricles?

A

systole

75
Q

what is the relaxation of both the atria and ventricles?

A

diastole

76
Q

what is the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute called?

A

cardiac output (CO)

77
Q

what is the volume of blood ejected from he left ventricle every beat called?

A

stroke volume (SV)

78
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output?

A

SV x HR = CO

stroke volume x heart rate

79
Q

what are the three factors that regulate stroke volume?

A

preload, contractility, and after load

80
Q

what is the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts?

A

preload

81
Q

what is the forcefulness of ventricular (muscle) contraction?

A

contractility

82
Q

what is the pressure that must be exceeded before ejection of blood from ventricles can occur?

A

afterload

83
Q

“the more the heart fills with blood during diastole, the greater the force of contraction during systole” is what law?

A

frank-starling law of the heart

84
Q

what affects the rate and force of heart contractions?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic division of ANS

85
Q

what part of the brain helps regulate heart rate?

A

medulla oblongata

86
Q

what is an abnormal sound heard between or during normal heart beat sounds?

A

heart murmur

87
Q

what abnormality in the valve is a narrowing of the opening?

A

stenosis

88
Q

what abnormality in the valve protrudes into the chamber behind it?

A

prolapse

89
Q

what is a partial obstruction of blood flow in the coronary artery to the heart?

A

myocardial ischemia

90
Q

what is another name for a heart attack?

A

myocardial infraction

91
Q

what is a complete obstruction of the blood flow in a coronary artery?

A

myocardial infraction

92
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of a heart attack?

A

chest pain, pain in left arm or jaw, nausea, and shortness of breath

93
Q

what are complications of a heart attack?

A

arrhythmia and heart failure

Somatic Studies II (8 decks)

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