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Somatic Studies II > Ch 10 > Flashcards

Ch 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what causes a stimulus to produce electrical signals (action potentials)?

A

electrical excitability

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2
Q

what does it mean to shorten in length?

A

contractible

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3
Q

what does it mean to extend or stretch?

A

extensible

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4
Q

what can return to it’s original shape?

A

elastic

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5
Q

what are the functions of muscular tissue?

A

produce body movement, stabilize, store and move substances, generate heat

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6
Q

what attaches to and moves bones?

A

skeletal muscle

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7
Q

what is found inside the walls of hallow organs, blood vessels, and airways?

A

smooth muscle

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8
Q

what type of muscle forms the heat wall?

A

cardiac muscle

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9
Q

what is a thick fascia that connects two muscle bellies?

A

aponeurosis

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10
Q

what runs origin to insertion?

A

muscle fibers = muscle cells

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11
Q

what is a sarcolemma?

A

plasma membrane

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12
Q

what is the sarcoplasm?

A

cytoplasm

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13
Q

what are the two types of filaments?

A

myosin and actin

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14
Q

what are thick filaments?

A

myosin

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15
Q

what are thin filaments?

A

actin

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16
Q

what is a system of membranous sacs that surround each myofibril?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

what does sarcoplasm reticulum do in relaxed muscle?

A

releases calcium and triggers muscle contraction

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18
Q

what separates sarcomeres?

A

Z disc

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19
Q

what is the line in the center of sarcomeres?

A

M line

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20
Q

what is the dark area containing thick and thin filaments?

A

A band

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21
Q

what is the light area, containing only thin filaments?

A

I band

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22
Q

what is the center of the A band that contains thick filaments only?

A

H zone

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23
Q

what filament is strung together like beads?

A

actin

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24
Q

what are thin filaments?

A

actin

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25
Q

what are thick filaments?

A

myosin

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26
Q

what filament looks like golf clubs?

A

myosin

27
Q

what are troponin and tropomyosin?

A

regulatory proteins

28
Q

what extent from the Z disc to the M line, accounting for elasticity in myofibrils?

A

titin

29
Q

what stabilizes the sarcoplasmic reticulum and is deficient in muscular dystrophy?

A

dystrophin

30
Q

what are contractile proteins?

A

actin and myosin

31
Q

what generates force during contraction?

A

actin and myosin

32
Q

what are troponin and tropomyosin?

A

regulatory proteins

33
Q

what switches contraction processes off and on?

A

regulatory proteins

34
Q

what are structural proteins?

A

titin and dystrophin

35
Q

what keeps thick and thin filaments in proper alignment and contribute to stability, elasticity, and extensibility of myofibril?

A

structural proteins

36
Q

what is a nerve impulse that sends an electrical signal that probates (travels) along the surface of the membrane of a neuron?

A

action potential

37
Q

what is another name for a neuron?

A

nerve cell

38
Q

what is a change in the cells environment strong enough to initiate it’s action potential?

A

stimulus

39
Q

what allows specific ions to flow in and out of cells and allows resting membrane to change?

A

an ion specific channel

40
Q

what does action potentials depend on?

A

resting membrane potential and ion specific channels

41
Q

what is the difference in the amount of electrical charge on the inside and outside of the cell?

A

membrane potential

42
Q

what charge are ions outside the surface of the membrane?

A

positive

43
Q

what charge are ions inside the surface of the membrane?

A

negative

44
Q

what is the resting membrane potential set at?

A

-70

45
Q

there are more ____ leak channels than ____.

A

potassium (K+), sodium (Na+)

46
Q

more ____ flows out that ____ comes in.

A

potassium (K+), sodium (Na+)

47
Q

what does polarized mean?

A

more negative inside

48
Q

what is a stimulus that isn’t strong enough to cause an action potential?

A

a graded potential

49
Q

what does it mean to be less polarized?

A

negative membrane potential reverses (becomes positive)

50
Q

what travels a short distance?

A

a graded action potential

51
Q

what travels a long distance?

A

an action potential

52
Q

as the strength of the stimulus ____, the amplitude ____, this depolarization ____.

A

increases, increases, increases

53
Q

what happens when the number of stimuli increases, the amplitude increases, and depolarization increases?

A

summation

54
Q

what is the action potential threshold?

A

-55mv

55
Q

what occurs during the depolarizing phase?

A

negative membrane reverses (becomes positive)

56
Q

what happens in the depolarizing phase?

A

the membrane potential returns to it’s original state (-70mv)

57
Q

what are the two types of propagation?

A

continuous conduction and saltatory conduction

58
Q

what kind of axons are in continuous conduction?

A

un-myelinated axons

59
Q

what kind of axons are in saltatory conduction?

A

myelinated axons

60
Q

which is faster: continuous conduction or saltatory condition?

A

saltatory conduction

61
Q

what happens in the excitatory postsynaptic potential (ESPS)?

A

depolarization - no action

62
Q

what happens in the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (ISPS)?

A

hyper polarization - stops action potential

63
Q

what is the process in which graded potentials add together?

A

summation

Somatic Studies II (8 decks)

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