SR2 Flashcards
What might the following deficiencies lead to in deer? Magnesium Copper Selenium Cobalt Iodine
Magnesium= rare. Occurs following transport stress
Copper-> swayback (enzootic ataxia), pale coat, osteochondritis
Selenium-> WMD, sudden death
Iodine-> still births (in NZ)
What is Winter Death Syndrome?
Condition in deer characterised by failure of energy metabolism as deer are less adaptable to cold stress.
May lead to hypoglycaemia, emaciation and death
What is gestation period for deer?
Varies.
Fallow= 7.5 months
Red= 8.5 months
What are common malpresentations in deer fawning?
Posterior with stifle flexion
Anterior with retained foreleg
Anterior with lateral head deviation
What are the three forms of enterotoxaemia in goats?
How can you treat?
Peracute (death in kids)
Acute (D+, abd pain and death
Chronic (D+ and wasting)
Tx: Tetracyclins, 10-20ml antitoxin, fluids, analgesia. Avoid sudden feed changes`
How can you treat coccidiosis in goats?
Sulphadimidine
Baycox (toltrazuril)
Bovicola ovis will cross infect and multiply on goats. True or False?
True
What important diseases are caused by mycoplasma in goats?
Contagious agalactica
Arthritis
Pneumonia
Pinkeye
Elastrator rings can be used on calves between what age? It is illegal in Victoria to castrate cattle older than X without anaesthetic.
2 days and 2 weeks of age
X=6 months of age
At what age should lambs be tail docked?
Lambs should be tail-docked at 2-8 weeks old.
The Sheep Animal Welfare Standards state that sheep over 6 weeks of age can only be tail docked by a veterinarian using appropriate anaesthesia/analgesia. True or False?
False. Over 6 MONTHS
What adaptations to alpacas have to arid climates?
Can maintain plasma volume at expense of tissue fluid
Reduce salive flow
Concentrate urine and recycle urea via saliva
Efficient water extraction from faeces in LI
What adaptations to alpacas have to high altitude and low partial pressure of oxygen?
Large heart
Ellipsoid RBCs
Non-progressive pulm hypertension
High capillary density
The 5 in 1 vaccine protects against which diseases?
Clostridial
- pulpy kidney (c. perfringens)
- malignant oedema (c. septicum)
- black leg (c. chauvoei)
- black disease (c. novyi)
- tetanus (c. tetani)
What is the daily water requirements for an alpaca?
50ml/kg/day (add 30% if in late gestation)
The first and second compartments of the alpaca stomach account for how much of their bodyweight?
10-15% (7-10 L)
How might you prevent vit D deficiency in an alpaca?
Supplement of Vit D and P
In growing animals:
6000iu/ kg SC in late autumn and mid winter (and early spring in southern latitudes)
In females: 6000iu/kg 4-6 weeks prior to any winter birth
What is the best method os assessing dehydration in alpacas?
- Oral and ocular mm moisture (skin does not tent readily)
- <3x daily urination
When rehydrating alpacas orally, at what rate should they be drenched?
20-30ml/kg PO, 2-3 times daily
Where is the best site for drawing blood in an alpaca (what are the landmarks)? how about for catheter placement?
Drawing blood- low near thoracic inlet on RIGHT side of neck (landmarks= jugular farrow medial to transverse process of cervical vertebrae)
Mid neck for catheter
When rehydrating alpacas intravenously, what rate should you do?
Should be SLOW!!! Bolus 2-4% BW fluids at start. Maintain fluids at 5% BW per 24hours (monitor TP and PCV). Add 70ml Amino-Lite 34x to each litre of hartmanns
When should you transfer blood in alpacas? What are some common causes of anaemia?
When PCV <12%
Haemonchus contirtus
Mycoplasma haemolamae
C3 ulcers
When should you transfer plasma in alpacas?
TP<40g/L, FPT, sepsis
What are some options for pain relief in alpacas?
AVOID CSs in pregnant females.
Flunixin, meloxicam, ketoprofen
Local anaesthesia (median raphe/ spermatic cord, sacrocaudal junction)
What is the best method of euthanasia in alpacas?
Poll shot (imaginary line drawn between 2 horizontal ear canals)
What are some differentials for scrapie?
Flystrike Perennial ryegrass staggers Hypocalcaemia Pregnancy toxaemia Listeriosis OJD
What is the most common zoonosis in the world? What does it cause?
Brucella melitensis
Humans: chronic diseases, fever, aches
Ewes/ does: mastitis/ abortion
Rams and bucks: epidydimitis and infertility
What causes ovine enzootic abortion?
Chlamydia abortus (not in Aust)
What causes sheep scab?
Psoroptes ovis mite. Causes severe disease in 4-6 weeks-> rosette skin lesions. Eradicated from Aust
What does Rift Valley Fever cause?
Abortion storms, fever, bloody diarrhoea, jaundice. Zoonotic
What are the clinical signs of Maedi-Visna?
Pneumonia and a wasting encephalitis. CSs vary:
- ‘Maedi’ dyspnoea, high mortality
- ‘Visna’ Subtle ataxia and paresis
- Indurative mastitis, arthritis
What are some indications for sheep (or other livestock) stuck in floodwaters to be euthanised?
- Lack of mob behaviour
- Injured, exhausted, debilitated
- Stuck in water for >5 days
- Severe bogging
- Systemic illness
- Prolonged recumbency
- Full wool
With lactic acidosis, the risk is proportional to the starch content of the grain. Describe the risk for the following:
- peas
- barley
- lupin
- oats
- corn
- wheat
- triticale
- sorghum
- Wheat and barley= HIGH
- Corn and triticale= MEDIUM
- Oats and sorghum= LOW
- Lupin and pea=NONE
Clinical signs of lactic acidosis in sheep occur how long after exposure to grain? What are some principles of treatment?
18-36 hours (pH<5) Prevent further access provide good quality hay Restrict access to water Exercise 40-50g mag hydorxide into rumen or oral drench with sodium bicarbonate (10-20g/head)
More intensive tx may include rumenotomy, IV fluids and NSAIDs
What is Virginiamycin?
Reduces activity of lactic acid producing-bacteria in the rumen and is useful if a high risk grain has to be introduced into the diet quickly
What are considered significant worm burdens in sheep?
TWC> 10-20,000
WEC> 300-500 epg
What are the principle effects of trichostrongylus species?
Villous atrophy Leakage of protein-> hypoproteinaemia Reduced uptake of Ca and PO4-> reduced skeletal growth anorexia diarrhoea
What are the main causes of shy feeders?
- Behavioural (not imprinted or low in hierarchy)
- Dietary (not used to feed)
- Physical (not enough trough space)
- Concurrent disease (Vit E def, scabby mouth)
What are some general guidelines for inducting animals into feedlots?
- site: good drainage/ enough space
- Draft into weight groups
- pre-treatments (5 in 1, drench, 4. ext parasite tx)
- good quality hay if entering immediately
- intro concentrates 2-3 weeks prior
- 10-20% roughage
- remove sick/ diseased sheep
- ensure adequate pasture
- Follow WHP and ESI (keep records)
- Weigh and redraft lambs not growing
What are the two syndromes associated with pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning?
- Acute toxicosis with jaundice
2. Ill-thrift, PS and a lingering course of mortalities secondary to chronic liver damage.
How do you treat Mycoplasma ovis?
improve hygiene, decrease stress, long-acting oxytet
How long do each of the parturition stages last for in small ruminants?
I: 2-12 hours
II: 1-2 hours
III: within 6 hours
How long does normal lochia persist for in SRs?
up to 3 weeks
What are some signs of dystocia in SRs?
- presence of foul smelling discharge at vulva
- Obvious malpresentation
- Extended 1st stage labour
- extended or delayed 2nd stage labour
- vigorous straining for 20-30 mins
- intermittent straining for 60 mins
How can we classify dystocia to farmers?
Primary (due to malpresentation, foetopelvic disproportion or foetal malformation)
Secondary (dystocia secondary to other causes such as UI or cervix doesn’t dilate -ring womb/ metabolic disease)
Why is iodine deficiency a problem for pregnant ewes?
Bc iodine-> T4 which is essential for foetal growth, CNS dvpt and neonatal survival (thermoreg/ energy). Decreased T4-> thyroid gland hyperplasia-> goitre
Why might pregnant ewes be deficient in iodine?
Soils are deficient (eg. Great Dividing Range)
Iodine antagonists ingested (white clover, Brassica spp)
How do you diagnose iodine def?
How might you tx or prevent?
- Lamb PM: excise and weigh thyroid (>0.4g/kg)
- Histology of thyroid
- Response to iodine tx
Prevention:
280mg KI to ewes in last trimester (orally) or lipidol 1ml (injection)
Treatment:
20mg KI orally to affected lambs. Check for/ tx concurrent Se def
When intensively rearing kids, how much colostrum admin should you aim for?
10-20% bodyweight within 12 hours (about 3g/kg). Test serum IgG at 2-4 days old.
What are some principles of intensive kid rearing?
- Ensure kids receive 10-20% bodyweight of colostrum within 12 hours
- Maintain hygienic, low stress environments
- Avoid overfeeding
- Vit A/D/E at birth
- Vacc 5 (or 6) in 1
- Disbud
- Introduce to solid feed from day 7 (11MJ ME/ kg DM, 18% CP)
A hobby farmer has decided they would like to hand rear a couple of their orphaned lambs. What recommendations do you give?
- Give colostrum before 12 hours
- give 20-50ml warm 20% dextrose IP
- Feed sheep milk replacer
- Feed little and often to start (4 x 200ml/day)
- Introduce lamb feeders when they are hungry. Start with warm milk but move to cold milk
- weigh regularly ()150g/day)
- give access to lamb pellets and hay/straw from week 2
A hobby farmer has decided they would like to hand rear a couple of their orphaned lambs. What recommendations do you give with regards to weaning the lambs`?
- Introduce pellets ad roughage from day 7 to encourage rumen dvpt
- wean >30d and 10kg (rumen function starts at 3 weeks and is fully functional at 6)
- wean abruptly
- ensure eating solids well
What are some fostering strategies for ewes/ lambs?
- smell: rub lamb in birth fluids fromadopter ewe after lambing
- Behaviour: confine lamb or temporarily tie front legs together so it mimics newborn lamb
- Confinement: confine ewe and lamb in small pen for several days (or in head bail so lamb can suckle)
What are some risk factors for urolithiasis in sheep?
Males, especially wethers
Feedlots (grain feeding, poorer water access, low roughage diet)
What are some treatment options for urolithiasis in sheep?
- Amputate urethral process
- Retrograde urethral catheterisation and flushing
- Urethrotomy over calculus
- Permanent diversions (eg. penectomy, urethrostomy)
- Tube cystostomy
- Salvage slaughter
What are some methods of preventing urolithiasis?
- Sufficient and easy water access
- Check water mineral content (esp Mg)
- Dietary calcium:P= 2:1 (add 1.5% CaCO3 if prolonged cereal grain feeding)
- Dietary urinary acidifiers (ammonium chloride 7-10g/d- unpalatable)
What is the causative agent of pizzle rot?
Corynebacterium renale
What is the causative agent of ovine Johne’s disease? What does it lead to?
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis ->
incurable granulomatous enteritis
(occasionally affects cattle)
How to you diagnose Johne’s Disease?
Histopath= gold std (characteristic changes of
granulomatous enteritis in gut wall with the presence of acid fast bacilli)
OR
Microbial culture (gut and/or lymph nodes at necropsy OR faecal sample)-faecal PCR?
ALSO
Necropsy: thickened gut wall and enlarged lymphatic/ mesenteric LNs
Serology
What sites would you take for sampling when autopsying a sheep? Which of these are minimum sample sites for culture?
- Ileo-caecal valve
- Terminal ileum immediately adjacent to IC valve**
- 3 pieces of ileum at about 1m intervals from IC valve
- Ileocaecal LNs**
- Mesenteric LNs**
- Caecum
- Proximal colon
What are some benefits of weaning lambs at 12-13 weeks?
Benefits for weaners:
- increased bodyweight (up to 30%)
- increased wool pdn (0.3-0.5)
For ewes:
- increased bodyweight
0. 1kg more wool
What may lead to bone disorders in sheep?
Before weaning:
- slow-growing lambs
- milk def in first 6 weeks (low Ca, energy and protein)
After weaning: Reduced Ca absorption and nutrition as a result of: -green oat crops low clover content intestinal parasites in winter Cu lower in wet winters (or high Mo) Low vit D Grain feeding in Summer and Autumn
What is “bowie”?
=bent leg= lateral curvature of front legs in 3-6wo lambs. A/w ewes grazing wild parsnip in mulga country
What is nutritional myopathy?
=acute or chronic muscle damage which can involve:
- Se and/ or vitE def
- high polyunsat FAs/ low roughage
- toxic plants
- rhabdomyolysis
Se is lowest in ____ and highest in _____.
clovers
grasses
Reverse for Cu
What are some treatment options for selenium deficiency?
- Drench concentrate
- vaccines
- pellets
- Fertiliser (high sulphur competes for uptake)
(beware of Se toxicity)
What are some risk factors for vitE def?
Failed spring-> low vit E in ewes then in lambs drought lots large autumn break Grazing stubbles Feeding lupins Housed Sharlea sheep
How can you dx, tx and prevent Co def in sheep?
Dx:
- PM: fatty liver
- Plasma Vit B12
- Response to tx
Tx= 2mg Vit B12, oral CoSO4
Prevention:
- Co bullets to ewes q. 3 yrs
- Vit B12 to lambs at marking
- Licks?
- Top dress with CoSO4 in superphosphate
What are the different forms of copper toxicity?
Acute- following CoSO4 drench
Chronic:
1. Hepatogenous- normal Cu in diet but damaged liver-> accumulation
2. Phytogenous- high [Cu] in clover dominant pastures
3. Housed sheep fed diets with high Cu
What are the three forms of disease caused by anthrax?
- Respiratory (‘wool sorters disease’) from inhalation
- Alimentary form from ingestion
- Cutaneous form from contact.
Untreated the respiratory and alimentary form
have high mortalities with the cutaneous form having a relatively low mortality
rate of 10-20%.
What are the three acute-death syndromes that may be seen with phalaris toxicity?
- Polioencephalomalacia-like syndrome
- Cardiac deatg
- Cyanide poisoning
How does phalaris PE-like sudden death occur?
tyramine alkaloid in new growing plant blocks the conversion of ammonia to urea-> ammonia poisoning.
Also, high protein pasture (high N), hungry sheep, sudden intro to pasture-> ammonia p poisoning.
How does cyanide lead to poisoning? What is the main source? How is it treated?
Inhibits cellular respiration and prevents O2 release from Hb-> animal can’t access O2-> bright red blood
- Eucalypts spp.
- Sorghum **
Tx= Sodium nitrite/ sodium thiosulphate IV and prevent exposure
How do you dx and tx nitrate poisoning?
Brown blood/ mms, hx, test strips (aqueous humour, serum, urine, in feed source)
Tx: off-label methylene blue IV, remove source (WHP 180d)
Gradually reintroduce on a sunny arvo when they are not hungry
What causes Polioencephalomalacia?
Thiamine deficiency (antagonism, decr. pdn or incr. destruction). Most commonly seen with a sudden change in feed.
What are the three forms of listeriosis?
Abortion
Meningoencephalitis
Septicaemia
What is phalaris staggers?
Neurological disease seen with phalaris toxicity. Tryptamine alkaloid neurotoxins in plant affect midbrain function-> “falling with tremors”. Seen in areas deficient in cobalt/ pasture under moisture stress
What are some plants that may cause:
- falling with tremors
- generalised convulsions
- HL paresis/ knuckling
- falling with tremors: Paspalum staggers Annual Ryegrass Phalaris - generalised convulsions: Nardoo fern (thiamine antag) Common brackern Annual ryegrass - HL paresis/ knuckling: Coonabarabran Onion grass
How much glucose does a single full term foetus need per day?
A single full term foetus requires 30-40 g glucose/day
What are some risk factors for preg tox in sheep?
Anything that decreases feed intake/ energy reqs
Over fat ewes
Compare the pair: preg tox and hypoCa
- Clinical exam
- Response to 4 in 1
- Clinical pathology
- Further hx
- Clinical exam: Mental dulness (musc weakness, weak soft heart sounds)
- Response to 4 in 1 Poor to none (good to complete)
- Clinical pathology: low BG, high ketones (low Ca)
- Further hx (few cases per day (sudden onset)
Foetal Ca requirement= ____
Dietary calcium input should be ____.
~ 3 g/day in late pregnancy.
1.5-2.6 gm/kg DM
