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SR2 Flashcards

1
Q 
What might the following deficiencies lead to in deer?
Magnesium
Copper
Selenium
Cobalt
Iodine
A

Magnesium= rare. Occurs following transport stress
Copper-> swayback (enzootic ataxia), pale coat, osteochondritis
Selenium-> WMD, sudden death
Iodine-> still births (in NZ)

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2
Q

What is Winter Death Syndrome?

A

Condition in deer characterised by failure of energy metabolism as deer are less adaptable to cold stress.
May lead to hypoglycaemia, emaciation and death

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3
Q

What is gestation period for deer?

A

Varies.
Fallow= 7.5 months
Red= 8.5 months

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4
Q

What are common malpresentations in deer fawning?

A

Posterior with stifle flexion
Anterior with retained foreleg
Anterior with lateral head deviation

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5
Q

What are the three forms of enterotoxaemia in goats?

How can you treat?

A

Peracute (death in kids)
Acute (D+, abd pain and death
Chronic (D+ and wasting)

Tx: Tetracyclins, 10-20ml antitoxin, fluids, analgesia. Avoid sudden feed changes`

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6
Q

How can you treat coccidiosis in goats?

A

Sulphadimidine

Baycox (toltrazuril)

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7
Q

Bovicola ovis will cross infect and multiply on goats. True or False?

A

True

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8
Q

What important diseases are caused by mycoplasma in goats?

A

Contagious agalactica
Arthritis
Pneumonia
Pinkeye

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9
Q

Elastrator rings can be used on calves between what age? It is illegal in Victoria to castrate cattle older than X without anaesthetic.

A

2 days and 2 weeks of age

X=6 months of age

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10
Q

At what age should lambs be tail docked?

A

Lambs should be tail-docked at 2-8 weeks old.

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11
Q

The Sheep Animal Welfare Standards state that sheep over 6 weeks of age can only be tail docked by a veterinarian using appropriate anaesthesia/analgesia. True or False?

A

False. Over 6 MONTHS

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12
Q

What adaptations to alpacas have to arid climates?

A

Can maintain plasma volume at expense of tissue fluid
Reduce salive flow
Concentrate urine and recycle urea via saliva
Efficient water extraction from faeces in LI

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13
Q

What adaptations to alpacas have to high altitude and low partial pressure of oxygen?

A

Large heart
Ellipsoid RBCs
Non-progressive pulm hypertension
High capillary density

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14
Q

The 5 in 1 vaccine protects against which diseases?

A

Clostridial

  • pulpy kidney (c. perfringens)
  • malignant oedema (c. septicum)
  • black leg (c. chauvoei)
  • black disease (c. novyi)
  • tetanus (c. tetani)
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15
Q

What is the daily water requirements for an alpaca?

A

50ml/kg/day (add 30% if in late gestation)

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16
Q

The first and second compartments of the alpaca stomach account for how much of their bodyweight?

A

10-15% (7-10 L)

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17
Q

How might you prevent vit D deficiency in an alpaca?

A

Supplement of Vit D and P
In growing animals:
6000iu/ kg SC in late autumn and mid winter (and early spring in southern latitudes)
In females: 6000iu/kg 4-6 weeks prior to any winter birth

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18
Q

What is the best method os assessing dehydration in alpacas?

A
  • Oral and ocular mm moisture (skin does not tent readily)

- <3x daily urination

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19
Q

When rehydrating alpacas orally, at what rate should they be drenched?

A

20-30ml/kg PO, 2-3 times daily

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20
Q

Where is the best site for drawing blood in an alpaca (what are the landmarks)? how about for catheter placement?

A

Drawing blood- low near thoracic inlet on RIGHT side of neck (landmarks= jugular farrow medial to transverse process of cervical vertebrae)

Mid neck for catheter

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21
Q

When rehydrating alpacas intravenously, what rate should you do?

A

Should be SLOW!!! Bolus 2-4% BW fluids at start. Maintain fluids at 5% BW per 24hours (monitor TP and PCV). Add 70ml Amino-Lite 34x to each litre of hartmanns

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22
Q

When should you transfer blood in alpacas? What are some common causes of anaemia?

A

When PCV <12%

Haemonchus contirtus
Mycoplasma haemolamae
C3 ulcers

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23
Q

When should you transfer plasma in alpacas?

A

TP<40g/L, FPT, sepsis

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24
Q

What are some options for pain relief in alpacas?

A

AVOID CSs in pregnant females.
Flunixin, meloxicam, ketoprofen
Local anaesthesia (median raphe/ spermatic cord, sacrocaudal junction)

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25
Q

What is the best method of euthanasia in alpacas?

A

Poll shot (imaginary line drawn between 2 horizontal ear canals)

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26
Q

What are some differentials for scrapie?

A 
Flystrike
Perennial ryegrass staggers
Hypocalcaemia
Pregnancy toxaemia
Listeriosis
OJD
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27
Q

What is the most common zoonosis in the world? What does it cause?

A

Brucella melitensis

Humans: chronic diseases, fever, aches
Ewes/ does: mastitis/ abortion
Rams and bucks: epidydimitis and infertility

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28
Q

What causes ovine enzootic abortion?

A

Chlamydia abortus (not in Aust)

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29
Q

What causes sheep scab?

A

Psoroptes ovis mite. Causes severe disease in 4-6 weeks-> rosette skin lesions. Eradicated from Aust

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30
Q

What does Rift Valley Fever cause?

A

Abortion storms, fever, bloody diarrhoea, jaundice. Zoonotic

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31
Q

What are the clinical signs of Maedi-Visna?

A

Pneumonia and a wasting encephalitis. CSs vary:

  • ‘Maedi’ dyspnoea, high mortality
  • ‘Visna’ Subtle ataxia and paresis
  • Indurative mastitis, arthritis
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32
Q

What are some indications for sheep (or other livestock) stuck in floodwaters to be euthanised?

A
  • Lack of mob behaviour
  • Injured, exhausted, debilitated
  • Stuck in water for >5 days
  • Severe bogging
  • Systemic illness
  • Prolonged recumbency
  • Full wool
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33
Q

With lactic acidosis, the risk is proportional to the starch content of the grain. Describe the risk for the following:

  • peas
  • barley
  • lupin
  • oats
  • corn
  • wheat
  • triticale
  • sorghum
A
  • Wheat and barley= HIGH
  • Corn and triticale= MEDIUM
  • Oats and sorghum= LOW
  • Lupin and pea=NONE
34
Q

Clinical signs of lactic acidosis in sheep occur how long after exposure to grain? What are some principles of treatment?

A 
18-36 hours (pH<5)
Prevent further access
provide good quality hay
Restrict access to water
Exercise
40-50g mag hydorxide into rumen or oral drench with sodium bicarbonate (10-20g/head)

More intensive tx may include rumenotomy, IV fluids and NSAIDs

35
Q

What is Virginiamycin?

A

Reduces activity of lactic acid producing-bacteria in the rumen and is useful if a high risk grain has to be introduced into the diet quickly

36
Q

What are considered significant worm burdens in sheep?

A

TWC> 10-20,000

WEC> 300-500 epg

37
Q

What are the principle effects of trichostrongylus species?

A 
Villous atrophy
Leakage of protein-> hypoproteinaemia
Reduced uptake of Ca and PO4-> reduced skeletal growth
anorexia
diarrhoea
38
Q

What are the main causes of shy feeders?

A
  1. Behavioural (not imprinted or low in hierarchy)
  2. Dietary (not used to feed)
  3. Physical (not enough trough space)
  4. Concurrent disease (Vit E def, scabby mouth)
39
Q

What are some general guidelines for inducting animals into feedlots?

A
  1. site: good drainage/ enough space
  2. Draft into weight groups
  3. pre-treatments (5 in 1, drench, 4. ext parasite tx)
  4. good quality hay if entering immediately
  5. intro concentrates 2-3 weeks prior
  6. 10-20% roughage
  7. remove sick/ diseased sheep
  8. ensure adequate pasture
  9. Follow WHP and ESI (keep records)
  10. Weigh and redraft lambs not growing
40
Q

What are the two syndromes associated with pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning?

A
  1. Acute toxicosis with jaundice

2. Ill-thrift, PS and a lingering course of mortalities secondary to chronic liver damage.

41
Q

How do you treat Mycoplasma ovis?

A

improve hygiene, decrease stress, long-acting oxytet

42
Q

How long do each of the parturition stages last for in small ruminants?

A

I: 2-12 hours
II: 1-2 hours
III: within 6 hours

43
Q

How long does normal lochia persist for in SRs?

A

up to 3 weeks

44
Q

What are some signs of dystocia in SRs?

A
  1. presence of foul smelling discharge at vulva
  2. Obvious malpresentation
  3. Extended 1st stage labour
  4. extended or delayed 2nd stage labour
  5. vigorous straining for 20-30 mins
  6. intermittent straining for 60 mins
45
Q

How can we classify dystocia to farmers?

A

Primary (due to malpresentation, foetopelvic disproportion or foetal malformation)

Secondary (dystocia secondary to other causes such as UI or cervix doesn’t dilate -ring womb/ metabolic disease)

46
Q

Why is iodine deficiency a problem for pregnant ewes?

A

Bc iodine-> T4 which is essential for foetal growth, CNS dvpt and neonatal survival (thermoreg/ energy). Decreased T4-> thyroid gland hyperplasia-> goitre

47
Q

Why might pregnant ewes be deficient in iodine?

A

Soils are deficient (eg. Great Dividing Range)

Iodine antagonists ingested (white clover, Brassica spp)

48
Q

How do you diagnose iodine def?

How might you tx or prevent?

A
  1. Lamb PM: excise and weigh thyroid (>0.4g/kg)
  2. Histology of thyroid
  3. Response to iodine tx

Prevention:
280mg KI to ewes in last trimester (orally) or lipidol 1ml (injection)
Treatment:
20mg KI orally to affected lambs. Check for/ tx concurrent Se def

49
Q

When intensively rearing kids, how much colostrum admin should you aim for?

A

10-20% bodyweight within 12 hours (about 3g/kg). Test serum IgG at 2-4 days old.

50
Q

What are some principles of intensive kid rearing?

A
  1. Ensure kids receive 10-20% bodyweight of colostrum within 12 hours
  2. Maintain hygienic, low stress environments
  3. Avoid overfeeding
  4. Vit A/D/E at birth
  5. Vacc 5 (or 6) in 1
  6. Disbud
  7. Introduce to solid feed from day 7 (11MJ ME/ kg DM, 18% CP)
51
Q

A hobby farmer has decided they would like to hand rear a couple of their orphaned lambs. What recommendations do you give?

A
  • Give colostrum before 12 hours
  • give 20-50ml warm 20% dextrose IP
  • Feed sheep milk replacer
  • Feed little and often to start (4 x 200ml/day)
  • Introduce lamb feeders when they are hungry. Start with warm milk but move to cold milk
  • weigh regularly ()150g/day)
  • give access to lamb pellets and hay/straw from week 2
52
Q

A hobby farmer has decided they would like to hand rear a couple of their orphaned lambs. What recommendations do you give with regards to weaning the lambs`?

A
  • Introduce pellets ad roughage from day 7 to encourage rumen dvpt
  • wean >30d and 10kg (rumen function starts at 3 weeks and is fully functional at 6)
  • wean abruptly
  • ensure eating solids well
53
Q

What are some fostering strategies for ewes/ lambs?

A
  1. smell: rub lamb in birth fluids fromadopter ewe after lambing
  2. Behaviour: confine lamb or temporarily tie front legs together so it mimics newborn lamb
  3. Confinement: confine ewe and lamb in small pen for several days (or in head bail so lamb can suckle)
54
Q

What are some risk factors for urolithiasis in sheep?

A

Males, especially wethers

Feedlots (grain feeding, poorer water access, low roughage diet)

55
Q

What are some treatment options for urolithiasis in sheep?

A
  1. Amputate urethral process
  2. Retrograde urethral catheterisation and flushing
  3. Urethrotomy over calculus
  4. Permanent diversions (eg. penectomy, urethrostomy)
  5. Tube cystostomy
  6. Salvage slaughter
56
Q

What are some methods of preventing urolithiasis?

A
  1. Sufficient and easy water access
  2. Check water mineral content (esp Mg)
  3. Dietary calcium:P= 2:1 (add 1.5% CaCO3 if prolonged cereal grain feeding)
  4. Dietary urinary acidifiers (ammonium chloride 7-10g/d- unpalatable)
57
Q

What is the causative agent of pizzle rot?

A

Corynebacterium renale

58
Q

What is the causative agent of ovine Johne’s disease? What does it lead to?

A

Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis ->
incurable granulomatous enteritis

(occasionally affects cattle)

59
Q

How to you diagnose Johne’s Disease?

A

Histopath= gold std (characteristic changes of
granulomatous enteritis in gut wall with the presence of acid fast bacilli)
OR
Microbial culture (gut and/or lymph nodes at necropsy OR faecal sample)-faecal PCR?

ALSO
Necropsy: thickened gut wall and enlarged lymphatic/ mesenteric LNs
Serology

60
Q

What sites would you take for sampling when autopsying a sheep? Which of these are minimum sample sites for culture?

A
  1. Ileo-caecal valve
  2. Terminal ileum immediately adjacent to IC valve**
  3. 3 pieces of ileum at about 1m intervals from IC valve
  4. Ileocaecal LNs**
  5. Mesenteric LNs**
  6. Caecum
  7. Proximal colon
61
Q

What are some benefits of weaning lambs at 12-13 weeks?

A

Benefits for weaners:

  • increased bodyweight (up to 30%)
  • increased wool pdn (0.3-0.5)

For ewes:

  • increased bodyweight
    0. 1kg more wool
62
Q

What may lead to bone disorders in sheep?

A

Before weaning:

  • slow-growing lambs
  • milk def in first 6 weeks (low Ca, energy and protein)
After weaning:
Reduced Ca absorption and nutrition as a result of:
-green oat crops
low clover content
intestinal parasites in winter
Cu lower in wet winters (or high Mo)
Low vit D
Grain feeding in Summer and Autumn
63
Q

What is “bowie”?

A

=bent leg= lateral curvature of front legs in 3-6wo lambs. A/w ewes grazing wild parsnip in mulga country

64
Q

What is nutritional myopathy?

A

=acute or chronic muscle damage which can involve:

  • Se and/ or vitE def
  • high polyunsat FAs/ low roughage
  • toxic plants
  • rhabdomyolysis
65
Q

Se is lowest in ____ and highest in _____.

A

clovers
grasses

Reverse for Cu

66
Q

What are some treatment options for selenium deficiency?

A
  • Drench concentrate
  • vaccines
  • pellets
  • Fertiliser (high sulphur competes for uptake)

(beware of Se toxicity)

67
Q

What are some risk factors for vitE def?

A 
Failed spring-> low vit E in ewes then in lambs
drought lots
large autumn break 
Grazing stubbles
Feeding lupins
Housed Sharlea sheep
68
Q

How can you dx, tx and prevent Co def in sheep?

A

Dx:

  • PM: fatty liver
  • Plasma Vit B12
  • Response to tx

Tx= 2mg Vit B12, oral CoSO4

Prevention:

  • Co bullets to ewes q. 3 yrs
  • Vit B12 to lambs at marking
  • Licks?
  • Top dress with CoSO4 in superphosphate
69
Q

What are the different forms of copper toxicity?

A

Acute- following CoSO4 drench
Chronic:
1. Hepatogenous- normal Cu in diet but damaged liver-> accumulation
2. Phytogenous- high [Cu] in clover dominant pastures
3. Housed sheep fed diets with high Cu

70
Q

What are the three forms of disease caused by anthrax?

A
  1. Respiratory (‘wool sorters disease’) from inhalation
  2. Alimentary form from ingestion
  3. Cutaneous form from contact.

Untreated the respiratory and alimentary form
have high mortalities with the cutaneous form having a relatively low mortality
rate of 10-20%.

71
Q

What are the three acute-death syndromes that may be seen with phalaris toxicity?

A
  1. Polioencephalomalacia-like syndrome
  2. Cardiac deatg
  3. Cyanide poisoning
72
Q

How does phalaris PE-like sudden death occur?

A

tyramine alkaloid in new growing plant blocks the conversion of ammonia to urea-> ammonia poisoning.
Also, high protein pasture (high N), hungry sheep, sudden intro to pasture-> ammonia p poisoning.

73
Q

How does cyanide lead to poisoning? What is the main source? How is it treated?

A

Inhibits cellular respiration and prevents O2 release from Hb-> animal can’t access O2-> bright red blood

  • Eucalypts spp.
  • Sorghum **

Tx= Sodium nitrite/ sodium thiosulphate IV and prevent exposure

74
Q

How do you dx and tx nitrate poisoning?

A

Brown blood/ mms, hx, test strips (aqueous humour, serum, urine, in feed source)
Tx: off-label methylene blue IV, remove source (WHP 180d)
Gradually reintroduce on a sunny arvo when they are not hungry

75
Q

What causes Polioencephalomalacia?

A

Thiamine deficiency (antagonism, decr. pdn or incr. destruction). Most commonly seen with a sudden change in feed.

76
Q

What are the three forms of listeriosis?

A

Abortion
Meningoencephalitis
Septicaemia

77
Q

What is phalaris staggers?

A

Neurological disease seen with phalaris toxicity. Tryptamine alkaloid neurotoxins in plant affect midbrain function-> “falling with tremors”. Seen in areas deficient in cobalt/ pasture under moisture stress

78
Q

What are some plants that may cause:

  • falling with tremors
  • generalised convulsions
  • HL paresis/ knuckling
A 
- falling with tremors: Paspalum staggers
Annual Ryegrass
Phalaris
- generalised convulsions:
Nardoo fern (thiamine antag)
Common brackern
Annual ryegrass
- HL paresis/ knuckling:
Coonabarabran
Onion grass
79
Q

How much glucose does a single full term foetus need per day?

A

A single full term foetus requires 30-40 g glucose/day

80
Q

What are some risk factors for preg tox in sheep?

A

Anything that decreases feed intake/ energy reqs

Over fat ewes

81
Q

Compare the pair: preg tox and hypoCa

  • Clinical exam
  • Response to 4 in 1
  • Clinical pathology
  • Further hx
A
  • Clinical exam: Mental dulness (musc weakness, weak soft heart sounds)
  • Response to 4 in 1 Poor to none (good to complete)
  • Clinical pathology: low BG, high ketones (low Ca)
  • Further hx (few cases per day (sudden onset)
82
Q

Foetal Ca requirement= ____

Dietary calcium input should be ____.

A

~ 3 g/day in late pregnancy.

1.5-2.6 gm/kg DM

DVM3 (13 decks)

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