C2 Flashcards
What is the difference between a notifiable and exotic disease?
Notifiable is one that the government wants to keep an eye on. Often endemic (eg. anthrax, salmonellosis)
Exotic= diseases outside of Australia
What are the causative agents of the following?
- Pleuro
- Bovine TB
- Bovine brucellosis
- Enzootic bovine leukosis
- Haemorrhagic septicaemia
- Theileriosis
- Lumpy skin disease
- Heartwater
- Pleuro: Mycoplasma mycoides ssp mycoides
- Bovine TB: Mycobacterium bovis
- Bovine brucellosisL Brucella abortus
- Enzootic bovine leukosis: EBL virus
- Haemorrhagic septicaemia: Pasteurella multocida
- Theileriosis: T. parvum and T. annulata
- Lumpy skin disease: poxvirus
- Heartwater: Erlichia ruminantium
What is one of the biggest emergencies in cattle medicine?
Lateral recumbency
What are the 4 types of abomasal ulceration? How are they generally dx?
- Erosions + non-perforating ulcers
- Ulcers with profuse intraluminal bleeding
- Perforated with local peritonitis
- Perforated with diffuse peritonitis
Dx: pallor of mm, malaena, colic
What are the two main syndromes of abomasal ulceration recognised?
- Peritonitis (localised or diffuse)
2. Internal haemorrhage
What are the average feeding periods in feedlots for beef cattle?
100-120d
unless Wagyu or Fresian and then it is >300d
What is the minimum entry weight and age for a feedlot?
300-400kg
12-18 months
What are the major markets for grain fed slaughtered beef?
Japan, South Korea, US
What are some common respiratory diseases encountered in beef feedlots?
- Bronchopneumonia
- Fibrinous pleuropneumonia
- Pericarditis
- Lung abscess
- Exudative necrotic tracheitis
- Tracheal oedema
- Atypical interstitial pneumonia
What are the 3 top causes of morbidity and mortality in beef feedlots?
Morbidity: BRD, Buller, Musculoskeletal
Mortality: BRD, Other, Musculoskeletal
What are some limitations to the dx of BRD in beef feedlots?
- subjective scale (visual assessment)
- Depression and resp scores are the basis of assessment
- Average of 0.2secs per cow examinations
- no gold std. Typically a.m. assessment only
How can BRD be prevented and managed in feedlots?
Prevention:
- backgrounding
- resp vaccine
- procurement strategy
- biocontainment strategies
- induction procedures/ vacc
- nutritional management
- remove BVDV PIs
Management:
- optimal timing of ID and efficacious tx
- good supportive tx
- metaphylaxis
What are some sequellae to BRD in feedlots?
Mycoplasma bovis and Histophilus somnii infections
What are causes of ruminal hypermotility?
Vagus indigestion
What are some DDx for left sided pings?
LDA Normal rumen gas cap Pneumoperitoneum Air in intestines Physimetra (air in uterus) Gas in more than one place
What is “succussion”?
(Shake abomasum)
Presence of fluid in abomasum making tinkling or splashing sounds
What are some differentials for right sided percussion?
RDA Right abomasum volvulus Caecal dilation/ volvulus Spiral colon/ SI gas Physometra Pneumoperitoneum Air in rectum (post rectal exam)
What are typical clinical signs of an LDA? What are Ddx?
Ping on the left side
Fluid splashing on succussion
Ketonuria
Scant faeces on per rectal exam
Ddx? Other causes of pings Rumen atony (hypocalcaemia) Indigestion Traumatic reticuloperitonitis Ketosis
What is the typical history of an RDA?
A recently called cow that is suddenly off her milk (ie has no milk in udder), looks sick and has abdominal pain
What are some clinical indication of intestinal phytobezoars?
Green discharge from nares*
Sudden severe depression in milk yield
Dehydration
Faeces that look like “wasabi mayonnaise”
(may detect fluid splashing sounds in abdomen)
How long does it take for bloat to occur after exposure to relevant pasture?
20 mins
What are some tx options for bloat? What are some preventative options?
Tx: -Mineral oils or detergents -Stomach tube -Rumenotomy (stab) following by oil drench Px: -diet -oils -detergents -monensin
How does monensin work with regard to bloat?
=ionophore AB. changes ratio of volatile fatty acids produced in the rumen
->improved feed efficiency and reduced methane gas pdn
Comes as powder or capsule that releases it for 100 days
What are some causes of secondary (free gas) bloat?
Acute:
- oesophageal obstruction
- recumbency
- hypocalcaemia
Chronic:
- Simple indigestion
- Vagus indigestion
- Tetanus
How might you treat simple indigestion?
Epsom salts several times daily (encourages rumen emptying)
Alkalising agents (if xs grain)
VInegar (if xs protein)
Vagus indigestion leads to hypomotility of the rumen with weak and ineffective contractions. T or F?
F. It causes HYPERMOTILITY of ruen (3-6 contractions per min) but weak and ineffective contractions
How might you treat secondary bloat due to vagus indigestion?
address primary cause (ABs such as oxytet, TMS or neomycin-pen or anti-inflamms. such as ketoprofen or flunixin)
Also stimulate contractions with feed/ appetite stim. +/- rumenotomy
What are some Ddx for right abdominal distension in a cow?
- Abomasal impaction or volvulus
- RDA or caecal torsion
- Phytobezoars
- Hydrops amnion or allantois
- Ascites
- Uroperitoneum
- Udder oedema (flag)
A ruminal pH below 5 is suggestive of what?
carbohydrate engorgement
What is the grunt test?
Sharp pressure applied over xiphoid whilst listening for a grunt. Indicative of peritonitis
What nutritional factors are implicated in the development of LDA?
Transition period management (period prior to calving) BCS Lead feeding Hypocalcaemia Post partum disorders
What are typical clinical signs of an RDA?
Suddenly off her milk Abdominal pain Ping high up on right side \+/- meleana HR > 120-130 May palpate abomasum per rectum
Grey, yellow faeces, that are very pasty and malodourous are pathognomonic for what condition in cows?
Intestinal phytobezoars
What approach do you take for treatment of intestinal phytobezoars in cattle?
Right paralumbar approach
Then close using a double layer inturning suture
A banana-shaped lesion palpated per rectally indicates what condition? what CSs are seen with this condition?
Intussusception
Colic, completely off milk, anorexia, fast and weak pulse, dehydration, reduced faeces with blood and mucus. also, abdo distension
What are important aspects of cattle history that may lead to acute rumen acidosis? What is the best way to dx this?
- Sudden intro of CHO
- Sudden increase in intake of CHO
- Sudden decrease in fibre
Rumen tap to check pH (pH<5)
What bacteria is primarily responsible for pdn of lactate in the rumen?
Strep bovis
What is SARA?
Sub acute rumen acidosis= herd problem rather than individual. pH 5-5.5. Dominance of gram -ve bacteria
-> mild diarrhoea, foamy faeces, undigested grain in faeces, reduced milk fat (<3%)
How can you prevent rumen acidosis?
- Change the feed slowly (Start at 4kg/ day, change by less than 20% every few days)
- Buffers in feed (NaHCO3/ MgO)
- Eskalin in feed (takes 2 weeks to work. Kills 2. bovis selectively)
- Tylosin in feed (prevent secondary hepatic abscessation)
- Get the diet right