piggies Flashcards
What are some manifestations of reproductive failure?
- Normal return to oestrus
- Delayed return to oestrus (>25d)
- Abortion
- Stillbirths
- Mummification
- Small litter size
- Failure to farrow (NIP)
- Abnormal piglets
- decreased neonatal survival
When does skeletal calcification occur?
What about the two oestrone sulphate signals?
Day 35
Day 12-14
Day 16-20
From what date can US be used for preg dx?
day 23
A delayed return to oestrus is after how many days?
25d (cf normal 18-24d)
What 4 factors do you need to broadly consider with conception failure?
Mating mngt
Boar factors
Sow factors
Housing
What are some infectious causes of repro failure?
Lepto Erysipelas Parvo Encephalomyocarditis virus Brucellosis Endometritis (E. coli and Eubacterium suis)
How might you dx porcine circovirus type 2?
Histo of heart (myocarditis) Demonstrate Ag (PCR, immunohistochem)
How might you dx brucellosis in pigs?
microscopic examinations of stained smears of vaginal swabs, placentas and aborted foetuses
Culture
PCR
When is the pig rut? When does farrowing occur? When is lactational anoestrus? WHen is non breeding season?
Late autumn/ early winter
Spring
Lactate for 3-4 months with gradual weaning
Summer/ autumn
How long is milk let-down?
10-20 secs every hour
What are some clinical signs of nervous conditions in pigs?
- dull
- blind
- head pressing
- head tilt
- Incoordination
- paddling
- convulsions
- squeaky voice
- death
What is the diagnostic feature of blood tests of hypoglycaemic piglets?
<85mg/dL
How can you treat or prevent oedema disease in pigs?
Tx: Parenteral antibiotics
Vit E/ Selenium
Anti-infl.
BUT poor px.
Prevent via:
- in feed medication (strategically)
- autogenous oral vaccination pre-exposure
- zinc Oxide
- acids
What neurological disorder may cause cerebral oedema and coning of the cerebellum?
Hypovitaminosis A
For what disorder is goose-stepping a pathognomonic sign?
Pantothenic acid def (Vit B)
How can you diagnose Porcine stress syndrome?
How do you prevent?
CSs + PCR on plucked hair samples Prevent: -cull homozygotes -rest/ keep cool -avoid mixing stress-susceptible animals -genetic selection -market animals on cool days
What are predilection sites for DJD in pigs?
Medial humeral and femoral condyles
Growth plates of costochondral junctions
Distal ulnae
Ischial tuberosities
What are the three forms of disease caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
Peracute: sudden death
Acute: Septicaemia, fever with diamond skin lesions, abortions (due to PG)
Chronic: arthritis
What are predisposing factors to disease caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
Fatigue
Nutrition changes
Temperature
Failure to vaccinate
Under what body condition score is it a legal requirement for remedial action to be taken in pigs?
If under BCS2, then need to take remedial action or be culled
How often must pigs be seen to daily? What about if they are high risk?
At least once a day by a competent stockperson. Twice daily if they are high risk.
Competency= somebody who has had some training and at least 12months experience with pigs OR a veterinarian
What type of pig might you put in a hospital pen?
No longer competitive. Looks dehydrated, is isolated, not feeding, injury or illness, nervous signs etc
What (or who) are the following antibiotics used for in pigs? Amoxycillin Penicillin Sulphonamide trimethoprim Linco/ Spectinomycin Tylosin
Amoxycillin: pregnant sows
Penicillin: piglet arthritis, sick piglets, non-preg sows
Sulphonamide trimethoprim- scours, mastitis (sows), discharge (sows)
Linco/ Spectinomycin: Scours, pneumonia
Tylosin: lameness, ileitis, scours pneumonia (alternative to pen in preg sows)
What is the causative agent of enzootic pneumonia in pigs? What about for Glasser’s Disease?
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Haemophilus parasuis
In controlling worms in pigs, what are your anthelmintic treatment options?
Oral drenches (toltrazuril) In feed water: Ivermectin, levamisole, morantel, fenbendazol Injectables: Ivermectin, doramectin
What are the WHPs and ESI for the following in pigs?
Baycox
Morantel
Piperazine
70 (100) d
0 (35) d
7 (21) d
Organic acids may be used to treat/ prevent what sort of conditions in pigs?
Post-weaning E.coli and Salmonella prevention
Urogenital problems associated with poor water quality
Zinc oxide may be used to treat/ prevent what sort of conditions in pigs?
First 2 weeks post weaning to prevent diarrhoea
Growth rate advantages??
How do most pig diseases enter a pig herd?
99% occur through entry of an infected animal
Other 1% through contaminated feedstuffs, aerosols, humanoids, fomites, animal vectors
Requirements exist for the importation of pig products into Australia to prevent disease entry. What are these reqs for FMD?
Country of origin freedom without vacc
Canning (all meat heated to 100 degrees)
Requirements exist for the importation of pig products into Australia to prevent disease entry. What are these reqs for Porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus?
Never been in Australia
Cooking (+/- bone) at 70 degrees for 11 min
Dry curing meat 140d+
Requirements exist for the importation of pig products into Australia to prevent disease entry. What are these reqs for Post weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome?
Removal of head, neck and major peripheral lymph nodes
De-boning
What is the incubation period for FMD in pigs? Where does the virus survive?
Inc period varies: 24hrs- 14d
LNs, bone marrow, uncooked/ salted meats, non-pasteurized milk
African swine fever is very susceptible to inactivation in the environment…T or F?
False. It’s very resistant
How is African Swine Fever transmitted?
Pork products
Affected pigs
Contaminated equipment
Ornithodorus ticks
What is hog cholera?
Classical swine fever.= pestivirus. Can cause acute septicaemia
What is swill feed?
Food scraps or food waste that contains or has come into contact with meat or meat products.
What is Swiss depopulation?
Swiss depopulation involves a period of intensive vaccination of all breeding animals on a farm followed by removal of all animals less than 10 months of age. For a period of approximately three-weeks following this, on-site farrowing is stopped
Where does actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae reside?
In tonsils
What treatment is useful for the eradication of sarcoptes in pigs?
Dectomax
Should also cull heavily infected sows
How do you confirm pathogen freedom for the following:
- Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
- Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
- Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
- Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: PCR from nose (also serology or PCR on lungs)
- Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: PCR on tonsillar swabs of live pigs (or PCR of lungs if dead or serology)
- Brachyspira hyodysenteriae: Look at colon in abattoir. No sensitive pre-mortem test
What causes scour in grower/finisher pigs?
- Ileitis (campy)
- Swine dysentery
- Salmonella
- Whip worms
Where is the site of infection for swine dysentery? What is the causative agent? How does the disease manifest?
Spiral colon (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae) -> wasting, diarrhoea (mucus, blood) and death
