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DVM3 > Birds > Flashcards

Birds Flashcards

1
Q

What is Marek’s Disease? When do signs first appear and what are common signs?

A

Lymphomatous infiltration of nerves leading to paresis/paralysis. Signs first appear at 3-5 months

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2
Q

What are the different forms of Marek’s Disease?

A

Classical, acute (4-8 wks), eye, skin, inflammatory, transient paralysis

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3
Q

What cell type is responsible for Marek’s Disease?
What type of virus is it? How many serotypes are there?
What type of infiltration?

A

T cells
Herpesvirus (3 serotypes. II is apathogenic)
Pleomorphic lymphoid infiltrations

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4
Q

What factors affect the development of Marek’s Disease? How is disease spread? Can it be treated? How might it be controlled?

A

Pathogenicity of virus, environment/ degree of exposure and host (age, sex, genetic resistance and susceptibility)

Infection occurs via inhalation (no vertical transmission)

No treatment- cull

Control: Hygiene, vacc (1 day old chick), selection for genetic resistance

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5
Q

What is lymphoid leucosis? How are avian leucosis viruses transmitted?

A

Disease of chickens associated with neoplastic lymphoid tissue infiltrating visceral organs including the spleen, liver and bursa of fab* (occurs first).
Exogenous viruses may spread vertically and horizontally; endogenous viruses are transmitted genetically in germ cells of both sexes.

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6
Q

What factors affect the development of disease caused by avian leucosis viruses?

A

Age at first exposure, dose, virulence, starin, immune status, genetic status

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7
Q

Infection “in ovo” or very early in life with avian leucosis virus leads to dvpt of disease/ death at…. of age. How might this disease be controlled?

A

4-5 months

Genetic selection, detection of carrier hens with vaginal swabs/ egg/ albumen tests

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8
Q

What is infectious bursal disease?

A

Virus affecting chickens, turkeys and ducks (but only chickens show symptoms). Virus has a tropism for lymphoid cells (especially those of B cell origin).
Disease has 3 forms:
1. immunosuppression (clinically inapparent)
2. acute clinical form at 3-6 wks of age
3. very severe form

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9
Q

How is IBD transmitted? How can you confirm dx? Is it treatable?

A

oral route.
histopath or demonstration of Ag by ELISA
PCR

No treatment (rely on passive Ab)

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10
Q

Briefly describe the different forms of IBD.

A

Immunosuppressive form: prematurely atrophied bursa in dead birds. inadequate response to vacc

Acute: lesions due to necrosis of lymphoid tissue in bursa and B-cell derivatives in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Rapid onset and rapid course (7d). Sick, debilitated birds with watery diarrhoea and swollen blood stained vent.

Very severe form in Asia and Europe

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11
Q

What is chicken infectious anaemia caused by? What does it cause?

A

Gyrovirus.
mortality, anaemia, pale aplastic bone marrow, premature atrophy of the thymus and bursa of fab, small spleen and haemorrhage in subcutis, muscles and other tissues.

Sometimes see gangrenous dermatitis

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12
Q

How is Chicken Infectious anaemia spread? What are some diagnostic signs?

A

vertical transmission

HCT less than 27%

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13
Q

How might CIA be controlled?

A

Vaccination of breeder flocks with a live vaccine prior to the point of lay.

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14
Q

Why is it recommended not to fast a bird beyond 2-3 hours?

A

Bc of bird’s high. Metabolic rate and low liver glycogen storage

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15
Q

What are the different life stages of a parrot?

A

Neonate (hatching-> eye open)
Nestling (pin feathers develop-> chick tries to fly)
Fledgling (bird learns to fly, forage, eat, interact)
Weanling (bird learns to eat on its own)
Juvenile (weaning-> puberty)
Adolescent (hormonal change)
Adult (maturity)

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16
Q

Natural bird behaviour can be broken up into 3-4 key areas. What are they?

A 
Social interaction
Foraging
Maintenance behaviour
Reproductive behaviours (in breeding season)
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17
Q

Which nut has the highest calcium levels? Which have the highest fat content?

A

almonds

Walnuts

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18
Q

What are some potential causes of feather plucking?

A

Medical:

  • allergies
  • mites/ parasites
  • low humidity
  • skin infections
  • psittacosis
  • malnutrition and cancer
  • chronic pain

Pyschological:

  • boredom
  • overcrowding
  • environmental change
  • poor wing clip
  • sexual frustration
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19
Q

In which type of birds is insoluble grit essential?

A

Birds that swallow seed whole (pigeons, quail, poultry, pheasants)

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20
Q

What drugs may be used as premed in birds?

What about as anaesthetic agent?

A

Butorphenol plus midazolam

Ketamine plus medetomidine

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21
Q

What air sacs are commonly used in air sac cannulation?

A

Abdominal

22
Q

Why should you avoid taping the beak closed with an ET tube in anseriformes?

A

Will stimulate diving reflex and bird will keep waking up

23
Q

What can be assessed during anaesthesia to monitor the central nervous system and depth of anaesthesia?

A

Jaw tone, cloacal reflex, corneal reflex, pedal reflex, muscle relaxation

24
Q

What structures can be investigated by scoping the left and right sides of the bird respectively?

A

Right side: pancreas, right testis, right liver lobe, right kidney, right lung

Left side: spleen, ovary, oviduct, gizzard, pancreas, left testis, left liver lobe, kidney and lung

25
Q

How might you euthanase a bird?

A

Halothane gas for small birds. Can use IM pentobarbital if bird is sedated with midazolam or butorphanol

26
Q

What are some signs of a sick bird?

A
  • fluffed up feathers
  • inactivity
  • not calling
  • dirty vent
  • slow hed movements
  • on bottom of cage
  • soiled vent
  • not eating
  • decreased body weight
  • discharge from nares
27
Q

What is on the “put it down” list for parrots?

A
  • rapid breathing/ doesn’t turn to bite when grip is released
  • doesn’t bite when something presented to corner of mouth
  • doesn’t grasp/ weak grasp
  • closed eyes
28
Q

What is the normal temp for small fiches and canaries?

A

41 degrees celsius

29
Q

What are some conditions needed at home to nurse a sick bird?

A

Warmth, darkness, food and water, isolation, exercise, monitor droppings

30
Q

Which ovary is normally present in the bird?

A

Left

31
Q

Where should a bird be microchipped?

A

SHALLOW MUSCLE OF LEFT BREAST

32
Q

How should you clip a birds feathers?

A

Clip primaries 1-10 up to the level of the primary covers. Always make sure the bird is balanced.

33
Q

What are the primary and secondary lymphoid tissues of the bird?

A

Primary: Thymus and bursa of fabricius
Secondary: spleen, harderian glands, caecal tonsils BALT, GALT, CALT and lymphoid follicles in other organs (NO LNs except in waterfowl)

34
Q

Passive Abs in a chick usually persist for how long?

A

3-6 weeks

35
Q

When vaccinating chickens with a spray/mist, how big do the droplets need to be?

A

15 micron (otherwise they go LRS)

36
Q

How do mycoplasma vaccines need to be administered?

A

eyedrops

37
Q

On a VD view of a parrot, where should the lover fall?

A

Between lines drawn from the shoulder to the hip joints

38
Q

Where do you take blood from in a bird?

A

Right jugular. Can also take it from toe via toe nail clip or needle prick, tarsal vein (ducks, juvenile ratites), ulnar vein

39
Q

How long does it take for barium to get through a bird for imaging?

A

60 mins entire GIT. In 4 hours crop will be empty

40
Q

What parameters are useful for identifying liver and kidney disease in birds?

A

Liver: Bile acids (inc.), AST, GLDH

41
Q

How many lobes in the kidneys of birds?

A

3

42
Q

Where are the kidneys positioned in a bird?

A

Ventral aspect of the lumbosacral vertebra in close association with the origin of the sciatic nerve

43
Q

Why can diseases of the air sac extend into the kidney?

A

Bc ventral surface of kidney forms part of the dorsal wall of the air sac.

44
Q

What is the blood supply for each kidney in a bird?

A

3 renal arteries and 1 renal portal vein

45
Q

Avian kidneys have both reptilian type and mammalian type nephrons. Where can the different types be found?

A

Reptilian outer cortical regions (no loop of henle- uric acid secretion via tubular excretion)
Mammalian: inner cortical areas- formation of urine

46
Q

What are the three functions of the avian kidney?

A
  1. Water resorption by renal tubules
  2. Ecretion of uric acid, control of electrolytes
  3. Antiperistaltic movement of renal excreta into rectum/ colon helps with water resoprtion
47
Q

recent injections of B-complex vitamins may cause the urate colour to change to what?

A

yellow/ orange/ brown

48
Q

What might heavy metal poisoning in birds lead to?

A

Haematuria
Haemoglobinuria
Porphorinuria
Nephropathy

49
Q

What are the three different types of gout?

A
  1. Visceral gout; urate deposition on epicardium, liver capsule and peritoneum (usually acute renal failure)
  2. Articular gout: joint and synovial sheaths (usually chronic renal failure)
  3. Renal gout: uric acid crystals in interstitium of kidneys
50
Q

What may cause toxic nephropathy in avians?

A 
Acute heavy metal toxicity
Mycotoxins
Medications
Excess dietary calcium
Hypervitaminosis D

(may then lead to visceral gout and urolithiasis)

51
Q

What are some viral infections of birds that may affect the kidneys?

A
  1. Infectious bronchitis virus
  2. Infectious bursal disease
  3. Avian nephritis virus
  4. Polyomaviruses (budgies)

DVM3 (13 decks)

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