Spring Flashcards
a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity, may be associated with cancer
exudate ascites
a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity often associated with cirrhosis
transudate ascites
an abscess that develops from a parasite that grows in the colon and invades the liver via the portal vein
amebic abscess
an inherited disease that results in the development of renal, liver, and pancreatic cysts late in life
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
adult polycystic kidney disease
a growth disorder syndrome synonymous with enlargement of several organs including the skull, tongue, and liver
Beckwith-Wiedmann syndrome
a syndrome described as occlusion of the hepatic veins, with possible co-existing occlusion of the IVC
Budd-Chiari syndrome
a parasite responsible for the development of hydatid liver cysts
Echinococcus granulosus
an inherited disease characterized by disproportionate absorption of dietary iron
hemochromatosis
a liver cyst that develops from a tapeworm that lives in dog feces:
Hydatid liver cyst (echinococcal cyst)
a liver abscess that can result from the spread of infection from inflammatory conditions such as appendicitis, diverticulitis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, and endocaritis
pyogenic hepatic abscess
the clinical detection of an enlarged, palpable gallbladder caused by biliary obstruction in the area of the pancreatic head
Courvoisier gallbladder
a congenital disorder characterized by segmental dilatation of the intrahepatic ducts
Caroli disease
a malignant biliary tumor located at the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts
Klatskin tumor
a clinical condition when the patient presents with jaundice, pain, and fever, secondary to a lodged stone in the cystic duct
Mirizzi syndrome
a hereditary disease that includes the development of cysts within the pancreas and other organs
Von Hippel-Lindau disease
the syndrome that includes an excessive secretion of acid by the stomach caused by the presence of a functional gastrinoma within the pancreas
Zollinger- Ellison syndrome
a rare malignant tumor of the spleen that is derived from blood vessels
angiosarcoma
a herpes virus that can lead to infectious mononucleosis
Epstein - Barr infection
specialized tissue within the spleen that performs its phagocytic function
red pulp
a systemic disease that result in the development of granulomas throughout the body
sarcoidosis
an inherited disease in which the body produces abnormally shaped red blood cells
sickle cell anemia
specialized lymphatic tissue within the spleen
white pulp
a cystic disease of the kidney that is often the result of chronic hemodialysis
acquired renal cystic disease
an inflammation of the kidney or kidneys
acute pyelonephritis
damage to the tubule cells within the kidneys that results in renal failure
acute tubular necrosis
an inherited renal disease that results in bilateral enlargement of the fetal kidneys and microscopic renal cysts
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
an excess of urea or other nitrogenous compounds in the blood
azotemia
the accumulation of calcium within the cortex of the kidney
cortical nephrocalcinosis
the formation of air within the kidney parenchyma secondary to bacterial infection
emphysematous pyelonephritis
an infection of the kidney glomeruli
glomerulonephritis
carcinoma of the kidney
hypernephroma ( renal cell carcinoma)
the accumulation of calcium within the medulla of the renal parenchyma
medullary nephrocalcinosis
a congenital disorder characterized by the accumulation of calcium within abnormally dilated collecting ducts located within the medullad
medullary sponge kidney
a renal disease though to be caused by an early renal obstruction; leads to the development of multiple noncommunicating cyst of varying sizes in the renal fossa
multicystic dysplastic kidney disease
the most common solid malignant pediatric abdominal mass; a malignant renal mass that may also be referred to as Wilms tumor
nephroblastoma
a kidney disorder caused by damage to the glomeruli, which results in excess amounts of protein in the urine and the swelling of the ankles, face, and feet due to accumulation of excess water
nephrotic syndrome
a benign renal tumor that is often found in men in their 60s
oncocytoma
a malignant tumor of the urinary tract that is often found in the urinary bladder or within the renal pelvis
transitional cell carcinoma
an inherited disorder characterized by tumor of the central nervous system and the development of cysts within the kidneys, renal cell carcinoma, and pheochromocytomas
Von Hippel- Lindau syndrome
a rare chronic form of pyelonephritis that is typically the result of a chronic obstructive process
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
a syndrome caused by a functioning tumor within the adrenal cortex that produces excess amounts of aldosterone; patients will have hypertension, excessive thirst, excessive urination, and low levels of potassium in the blood
Conn syndrome
a syndrome that results from a pituitary or adrenal tumor that causes overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glans; patients may present with obesity, thinning arms and legs, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and severe farigue
Cushing syndrome
a malignant tumor that can occur within the adrenal gland and anywhere within the sympathetic nervous system
neuroblastoma
enlargment of the diameter of the abdominal aorta to greater than 3cm
abdominal aortic aneurysm
shaped like a spindle; wider in the middle and tapering toward the end
fusiform
a disorder of the connective tissue characterized by tail and aortic and mitral valve insufficiency
Marfan syndrome
the enlargement of a vessel that involves all three layers of the wall
true aneurysm
masses of various ingested material that may cause an intestinal obstruction
bezoars
an autoimmune disease characterized by periods of inflammation of the GI tract
Crohn disease
a defect in the relaxation of the pyloric sphincter that leads to the enlargement of the pyloric muscles and closure of the pyloric sphincter
hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
a common congenital outpouching of the wall of the small intestine
Meckel diverticulum
a situation in which bowel is blocked because of the lack of normal peristalsis of a bowel segment or segments; also referred to as a paralytic ileus
nonmechanical obstruction
a mass consisting of abnormal bronchial and lung tissue that develops within the fetal chest
cystic adenomatoid malformation (CAM)
a disease characterized by the buildup of fibrous tissue within the retroperitoneum; this mass may involve the abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, ureters, and sacrum
retroperitoneal fibrosis
the enlargement of the abdominal lymph nodes located within the abdomen
retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy
benign congenital neck cysts found most often near the angle of the mandible
brachial cleft cyst
a fluid produced by the thyroid that contains thyroid hormones
colloid
the most common cause of hyperthyroidism that produces bulging eyes, heat intolerance, nervousness, weight loss, and hair loss
Graves disease
the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the united states
Hashimoto thyroiditis
the condition in which the patient lacks the normal posterior fixation of the testis and epididymis to the scrotal wall
Bell clapper deformity
a type of neoplasm derived from germ cells of the gonads; may be found outside of the reproductive tract
germ cell tumor
a condition in which a male has an extra X chromosome; characteristic features include small testicles, infertility, gynecomastia, long legs, and abnormally low intelligence
Klinefelter syndrome
inflammation and infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues
cellutitis
ascites and pleural effusion in the presence of some benign ovarian tumors
Meigs syndrome
an infection of the female genital tract that may involve the ovaries, uterus and or the fallopian tubes
pelvic inflammatory disease
a syndrome characterized by anovulatory cycles, infertility, hirsutism, amenorrhea, and obesity
Polycystic ovarian syndrome ( stein-Leventhal syndrome)
an intraperitoneal extension of mucin-secreting sell that result form the rupture of a malignant mucinous ovarian tumor or possibly a malignant tumor of the appendix
pseudomyxoma peritonei
small benign ovarian tumors
Brenner tumor
another name for endometriomas
chocolated cysts
benign, blood containing tumor that forms from the implantation of ectopic endometrial tissue; tumor associated with endometriosis
endometrioma
functional ectopic endometrial tissue located outside of the uterus
endometriosis
an ovarian sex-cord stromal tumor found in middle aged women
fibroma
a disease associated with an abnormal proliferation o the trophoblastic cells during pregnancy
Gestational trophoblastic diseases (molar pregnancy)
malignant ovarian tumor that metastasizes from the GI tract
Krukenberg tumor
pain at the time of ovulation
mittelchmerz
a syndrome resulting from hyperstimulation of the ovaries by fertility drugs; results in the development of multiple, enlarged follicular ovarian cyst
ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
malignant sex-cord stromal ovarian neoplasm that is associated with virilization
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor
a benign ovarian sex-cord stromal tumor that produces estrogen in older women
thecoma
malignant germ cell tumor
yolk sac tumor
the benign invasion of the endometrial tissue into the myometrium of the uterus
adenomyosis
a syndrome characterized by endometrial adhesions that typically occur as a result of scar formation after some types of uterine surgery
Asherman syndrome
when the placenta covers or nearly covers the internal os of the cervix
placenta previa
the premature separation of the placental from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus
placenta abruption
a reduction in blood return to the maternal heart caused by the gravid uterus compressing the maternal IVC
supine hypotensive syndrome
the most malignant form of gestational trophoblastic disease with possible metastasis to the liver, lungs, and vagina
choriocarcinoma
the most common form of gestational trophoblastic disease in which there is excessive growth of the placenta and high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin; typically benign
hydatidiform mole
a type of gestational trophoblastic disease in which a molar pregnancy invades into the myometrium and may also invade through the uterine wall and into the peritoneum
invasive mole
a group of cranial abnormalities associated with spina bifida
Arnold-Chiari II malformation
round skull shape
brachycephalic
a spectrum of posterior fossa abnormalities that involve dilatation of the cisterna magna and fourth ventricle
Dandy Walker complex
a congenital brain malformation in which there is enlargement of the cisterna magna, agenesis of the cerebellar vermis and dilatation of the fourth ventricle
Dandy Walker malfomation
an elongated, narrow head shape
dolicocephaly (scaphocephaly)
a fetal syndrome associated with microcephaly, occipital encephalocele, polydactyly and polycystic kidneys
Meckel Gruber syndrome
normal head shape
mesocephalic
fleshy, tongue-like appendage that is typically located within the midline above the orbits in association with cyclopia and holoprocencephaly
proboscis
the most common lethal skeletal dysplasia characterized by a cloverleaf skull with frontal bossing and hydrocephalus
thanatophoric dysplasia
an acronym that stands for toxoplasmosis other rubella cytomegalovirus herpes simplex virus
this group of infections may be acquired by a woman during pregnancy
TORCH infections
an arteriovenous malformation that occurs within the fetal brain and is associated with congestive hear failure
Vein of Galen aneurysm
group of abnormalities associated with the entrapment of fetal parts in the amnion often resulting in fetal amputations or clefting
Amniotic band syndrome
close set eyes (hypoteorism) and a nose with a single nostril
cebocephaly
an oral teratoma
epignathus
a condition in which there is not nose and a proboscis separating two close set orbits; associated with holoprocencephaly
ethmocephaly
an abnormal accumulation of fluid in at leas two fetal body cavities
fetal hydrops
a group of brain abnormalities consisting of varying degrees of fusion of the lateral ventricles, absence of the midline structures, and associated facial abnormalities
holoprocencephaly
a small mandible
micrognathia
rare, lethal condition resulting in abnormal development of the bones and cartilage
achondrogenesis
a disorder that results in abnormal bone growth and dwarfism
achondroplasia
syndrome associated with the absence of the sacrum and coccyx
caudal regression syndrome (sacral agenesis)
protrusions of intracranial contents through a defect in the skull
cephalocele
protrusion of brain tissue through a defect in the skull
encephalocele
form of acrania in which the entire cerebrum is located outside of the skull
exencephaly
most common nonlethal skeletal dysplasia that is characterized by rhizomelia
heterozygous achondroplasia
the fatal form of achondroplasia
homozygous achondroplasia
a group of disorders with sonographic findings including a short or absent umbilical cord, ventral wall defects, limb defects, craniofacial defects, and scoliosis
limb-body wall complex
a group of disorders that result in multiple fractures in utero; caused by decreased mineralization and poor ossification of the bones
osteogenesis imperfecta
abscence or underdevelopment of the radius
radial ray defect
shortening of the proximal segment of a limb
rhizomelia
a fetal abnormality characterized by fusion of the lower extremities, renal agenesis, and oligohydramnios
sirenomelia (mermaid syndrome)
turned inward
splay
a wide separation between the middle and ring finger
trident hand
an acronym for a combination of abnormalities that represent Vertebral anomalies Anorectal atresia Cardiac anomalies Tracheoesophageal fistula Renal anomalies Limb anomalies
VACTREL
the herniation of abdominal contents into the chest cavity because of an opening in the left posterolateral portion of the diphragm
Bochdalek hernia
the narrowing of the aorta
coartation of the aorta
the malformation of malpositioning of the tricuspid valve that causes multiple heart defects
Ebstein anomaly
a group of anomalies that includes an omphalocele, along eith ectopid cordis, cleft sternum, anterior diaphragmatic defect, and pericardial defects
pentalogy of Cantrell
syndrome characterized by bilateral renal agenesis, abnormal facies, pulmonary hypoplasi, and limb abnormalites
Potter syndrome
a group of abnormalities consisting of an overriding aortic root, ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy
tetralogy of Fallot
a disease that leads to a functional bowel obstruction due to the lack of nerve cells within the colon wall
Hirschsprung disease
a fetus that is below the 10th percentile for gestational age (small for gestational age)
intrauterine growth restrictions
the congenital abscence of corpus callosum which may be partial or complete
agenesis of the corpus callosum
fetal hydrops caused by congenital fetal anomalies and infections
nonimmune hydrops
a triangular extension of the placenta at the base of the membrane is indicative of a dichorionic diamniotic pregnancy
Lambda sign
when vascular products travel from a demised twin to the surviving twin by means of the common vascular channels within the shared placenta
twin embolization
shunting of venous or arterial blood from one twin to another through placental circulation
twin-twin transfusion syndrome
the death and reabsorption of a twin
vanishing twin
cyst found within the umbilical cord
allantoid cyst
diffuse edema
anasarca
an abnormally shaped placenta caused by the membranes inserting inward from the edge of the placenta, producing a curled up placental shape
circumvallate placenta
condition in which there is an incompatibility between the fetal and maternal red blood cells
erythroblastosis fetalis
total blood loss, to bleed out
exsanguination
fetal hydrops due to Rh incompatibility
immune hydrops
the abnormal adherence of the placenta to the myometrium in an area where the decidua is either absent or minimal
placenta accreta
invasion of the placenta within the myometrium
placenta increta
penetration of the placenta through the uterine serosa and possibly into the adjacent pelvic organs
placenta percreta
fetal vessels resting over the internal os of the cervix
vasa previa
the abnormal insertion of the umbilical cord into the membranes beyond the placental edge
velamentous cord insertion
an accessory lobe of the placenta
succenturiate lobe
abnormal cord insertion at the edge of the placenta
marginal cord insertion
webbed fingers and toes
syndactyly
birth defect consisting of an Omphalocele, bladder Exstrophy, Imperforate anus, and Spina bifida
Cloacal exstrophy (OEIS complex)
