abdomen Flashcards
1
Q
a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity
A
ascites
2
Q
a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritonal cavity may be associated with cancer
A
exudate ascites
3
Q
a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity associated with cirrhosis
A
transudate ascites
4
Q
an abscess that develops from a parasite that grows in the colon and invades the liver via the portal vein
A
amebic (liver) abscess
5
Q
an inherited disease that results in the development of renal, liver, and pancreatic cysts late in life
A
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
adult polycystic kidney disease
6
Q
a growth disorder syndrome synonymous with enlargement of several organs including the skull, tongue, and liver
A
Beckwith- Wiedemann syndrome
7
Q
a syndrome described as the occlusion of the hepatic veins, with possible co- existing occlusion of the IVC
A
Budd-Chiari syndrome
8
Q
the most common benign liver tumor
A
cavernous hemangioma
9
Q
inflammation of the bile ducts
A
cholangitis
10
Q
condition defined as hepatocyte death, fibrosis and necrosis of the liver, and the subsequent development of regenerating nodules
A
cirrhosis
11
Q
infection of the bowel which leads to diarrhea that meay contain mucus and /or blood
A
dysentery
12
Q
a parasite responsible for the development of hydatid live cysts
A
echinococcus granulosus
13
Q
a reversible disease characterized by deposits of fat within the hepatocytes
A
fatty liver
14
Q
a benign liver mass composed of a combination of hepatocytes and fibrous tissue that typically contains a central scar
A
focal nodular hyperplasia
15
Q
a localized collection of blood
A
hematoma
16
Q
an inherited disease characterized by disproportionate absorption of dietary iron
A
hemochromatosis
17
Q
a hepatic mass that results from the spread of fungus in the blood to the liver
A
hepatic candidiasis
18
Q
inflammation of the liver
A
hepatitis
19
Q
a benign liver mass often associated with the use of oral contraceptives
A
hepatocellular. Adenoma
20
Q
the primary form of liver cancer
A
hepatocellular carcinoma
21
Q
the malignant tumor associated with hepatocellular carcinoma
A
hepatoma
22
Q
a liver cyst that develops form a tapeworm that lives in dog feces;
A
hydatid liver cyst ( echinococcus cyst)
23
Q
specialized macrophages within the liver that engulf pathogens and damaged cells
A
Kupffer cells
24
Q
the ability of a tumor a tumor or some other foreign entity to disort normal anatomy
A
Mass effect
25
an increase in the echogenicity of the portal triads as seen in hepatitis
periportal cuffing
26
the elevation of blood pressure within the portal venous system
portal hypertension
27
the development of clot within the portal vein
portal vein thrombosis
28
a liver abscess that can result from the spread of infection from inflammatory conditions such as appendicitis, diverticulitis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, and endocarditis
pyogenic hepatic abscess
29
the sonographic sign associated with the appearance of periportal cuffing in which there is an increased echogenicity of the walls of the portal triad
starry sky sign
30
the therapy for portal hypertension that involves the placement of a stent between the portal veins and hepatic veins to reduce portal systemic pressure
transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)
31
the inflammation of the gallbladder without associated gallstones
acalculous cholecystitis
32
the sudden onset of gallbladder inflammation
acute cholecystitis
33
benign hyperplasia of the gallbladder wall
adenomyomatosis
34
pain located in the RUQ in the area of the gallbladder
biliary colic
35
the hormone produced by the duodenum that causes the gallbladder to contract
cholecystokinin
36
the presence of a gallstone or gallstones within the biliary tree
choledocholithiasis
37
gallstones
cholelithiasis
38
cholecystitis that results from the intermittent obstruction of the cystic duct by gallstones
chronic cholecystitis
39
the clinical detection of an enlarged, palpable gallbladder caused by a biliary obstruction in the area of the pancreatic head
courvoisier gallbladder
40
an enlarged gallbladder
hydropic gallbladder
41
Inflammation of the peritoneal lining
peritonitis
42
the calcification of all or parts of the gallbladder wall
porcelain gallbladder
43
tiny pockets within the gallbladder wall
Rokitasky-Aschoff sinuses
44
thick sludge
tumefactive sludge
45
inflammation of the pancreas secondary to the leakage of pancreatic enzymes from the acinar cells in the parenchyma of the organ
acute pancreatitis
46
a congenital disease described as the narrowing or obliteration of all or a portion of the biliary tree
biliary atresia
47
a condition in which bile is stagnant and allowed to develop into the sludge or stones
biliary stasis
48
a congenital disorder characterized by segmental dilatation of the intrahepatic ducts
Caroli disease
49
primary bile duct cancer
cholangiocarcinoma
50
a radiographic procedure in which contrast is ingested into the bile ducts to assess for the presence of disease
cholangiography
51
inflammation of the bile ducts
cholangitis
52
the recurring destruction of the pancreatic tissue that results in atrophy, fibrosis, scarring, and the development of calcification within the gland
chronic pancreatitis
53
a malignant biliary tumor located in the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts
Klatskin tumor
54
a clinical condition when the patient presents with jaundice, pain, and fever, secondary to a lodged stone in the cystic duct
Mirizzi syndrome
55
air within the biliary tree
pneumobilia
56
the cells of the pancreas that carry out the exocrine function and therefore produce amylase, lipase, and sodium bicarbonate
acinar cells
57
co-exsisting enlargement of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct
double duct sign
58
the accessory duct of the pancreas
duct of santorini
59
the main pancreatic duct
duct of Wirsung
60
an islet cell tumor found within the pancreas may be malignant
gastrinoma
61
elevated amylase
hyperamylasemia
62
an islet cell tumor found within the pancreas
insulinoma
63
small islands of tissue found within the pancreas that produce insulin and glucagon
isles of Langerhans
64
tumor found within the isles of langerhans of the pancreas
islet cell tumors
65
a peritoneal cavity space located between the stomach and pancreas where fluid can accumulate
lesser sac
66
the most common form of pancreatic malignancy; typically found within the head of pancreas
pancreatic adenaocarcinoma
67
a cyst surrounded by fibrous tissue that consists of pancreatic enzymes that have leaked from the pancreas
pancreatic pseudocyst
68
the surgical procedure in which the head of the pancreas , the gallbladder, some of the bile ducts and the proximal duodenum are removed because of a malignant pancreatic neoplasm
pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure)
69
the peripancreatic fluid collection that results from the inflammation of the pancreas
phlegmon
70
a hereditary disease that includes the development of cysts within the pancreas and other organs
von Hipper- Lindau disease
71
the syndrome that includes an excessive secretion of acid by the stomach caused by the presence of a functional gastrinoma within the pancreas
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
72
a rare malignant tumor of the spleen that is derived from blood vessels
angiosarcoma
73
a herpesvirus that can lead to infectious mononucleosis
Epstein-Barr infection
74
small echogenic calcifications that result from inflammation of the tissue in that area
granulomas
75
a disease that results from the inhalation of an airborne fungus that can affect the lungs and may spread to other organs
histoplasmosis
76
specialized tissue within the spleen that performs is phagocytic function
red pulp
77
a systemic disease that result in the development of granulomas throughout the body
sarcoidosis
78
an inherited disease in which the body produces abnormally shaped red blood cells
sickle cell anemia
79
area within the spleen that becomes necrotic because o lack of oxygen
splenic infarct
80
specialized lymphatic tissue within the spleen
white pulp
81
a cystic disease of the kidney that is often the result of chronic hemodialysis
acquired renal cysts
82
an inflammation of the kidney/s
acute pyelonephritis
83
a sudden decrease in renal function
acute renal failure
84
damage to the tubular cells within the kidneys that result in renal failure
acute tubular necrosis
85
a common benign renal tumor that consists of a network of blood vessels, muscle, and fat
angiomyolipoma
86
an inherited renal disease that results in bilateral enlargement of the fetal kidneys and microscopic renal cysts
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
| infantile polycystic kidney disease
87
an excess of urea or other nitrogenous compounds in the blood
azotemia
88
benign enlargement of the prostate gland
benign prostatic hypertrophy
89
a chronic inflammation of the kidney/s
chronic pyelonephritis
90
the accumulation of calcium within the cortex of the kidney
cortical nephrocalcinosis
91
the dilation of the renal collecting system at birth
congenital hydronephrosis
92
an extension of the renal cortex located between the renal pyramids
columns of Bertin
93
a chemical waste molecule that is generated from muscle metabolism and excreted in urine
creatinine
94
an inflammation of the urinary bladder
cystitis
95
the muscle that controls the appropriated emptying of the urinary bladder
detrusor muscle
96
painful or difficult urination
dysuria
97
the formation of air within the kidney parenchyma secondary to bacterial infection
emphysematous pyelonephritis
98
an infection of the kidney glomeruli
glomerulonephritis
99
blood within the urine
hematuria
100
maintenance of normal body physiology
homeostasis
101
the dilation of the renal collecting system resulting from the obstruction of the flow of urine from the kidney(s) to the bladder;
hydronephrosis
| pelvocaliectasis
102
distension of the ureter with fluid due to obstruction
hydroureter
103
carcinoma of the kidney
hypernephroma
| renal cell carcinoma
104
a collection of lymphatic fluid
lymphocele
105
the accumulation of calcium within medulla of the renal parenchyma
medullary nephrocalcinosis
106
a congenital disorder characterized by the accumulation of calcium within abnormally dilated collection ducts located within the medulla
medullary sponge kidney disease
107
a renal disease though to be caused by an early renal obstruction; leads to the development of multiple noncommunicating cyst of varying sizes in the renal fossa
multicystic dysplastic kidney disease
108
the most common solid malignant pediatric abdominal mass
nephroblastoma
| Wilm's tumor
109
a small mass located on the wall of the structure
mural nodules
110
the urinary stones located within the kidney
nephrolithiasis
111
a kidney disorder caused by damage to the glomeruli, which results in excess amounts of protein in the urine and the swelling of the ankles, face, and feet due to accumulation of excess water
nephrotic syndrome
112
a scant or decreased urine output
oliguria
113
a benign renal tumor that is often found in men in their 60's
oncocytom
114
an abscess that surround the kidney
perinephric abscess
115
a benign, solid adrenal tumor associated with uncontrollable hypertension
pheochromocytoma
116
irregular thin membranes of tissue, located within the male posterior urethra that do not allow urine to exit the urethra
posterior urethra valves
117
a syndrome that is a consequence of the abdominal wall muscles being stretched by an extremely enlarged urinary bladder
prune belly syndrome
118
condition of having pus within the collecting system of the kidneys
pyonephrosis
119
a benign renal mass
renal cell adenoma
120
a sharp pain in the lower back that radiates into the groin and is typically associated with the passage of urinary stone through the ureter
renal colic
121
a ratio calculated by dividing the highest renal velocity by the highest aortic velocity obtained at the level of the renal arteries
renal/ aorta ratio
122
a blood clot located within the renal vein
renal vein thrombosis
123
a disease characterized by the build up of fibrous tissue within the retroperitoneum; this mass may involve the abd aorta, IVC, ureters, and sacrum
retroperitoneal fibrosis
124
a large urinary stone that completely fills and takes the shape of the renal pelvis
staghorn calculus
125
the combination of a slow systolic upstroke and a decreased systolic velocity
tardus parvus
126
a malignant tumor of the urinary tract that is often found within the urinary bladder or within the renal pelvis
transitional cell carcinoma
127
a systemic disorder that leads to the development of tumors within various organs
tuberous sclerosis
128
a tubular structure that is a remnant of embryonic development, which extends from the umbilicus to the apex of the gallbladder
urachus
129
an abnormality in which the distal ureter projects into the urinary bladder
ureterocele
130
inflammation of the urethra
urethritis
131
a localized collection of urine
urinoma
132
a urinary stone
urolithiasis
133
an inherited disorder characterized by tumors of the central nervous system and the development of cysts within the kidneys, renal cell carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma
von Hippel- Lindau syndrome
134
the most common solid malignant pediatric abdominal mass
Wilms tumor
| nephroblastoma
135
a rare chronic form of pyelophritis that is typically the result of a chronic obstruction process
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
136
a benign solid mass located within the adrenal glands
adrenal adenoma
137
hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, which controls the release of hormones by the adrenal glands
adrenocorticotropic hormone
138
a syndrome caused by a functioning tumor within the adrenal cortex that produces excess amounts of aldosterone; pts will have hypertension, excessive thirst, excessive urination, and low levels of potassium in the blood
Conn syndrome
139
a syndrome that results from a pituitary or adrenal tumor that causes overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands; pts may presents with obesity, thinning arms and legs, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and severe fatigue
Cushing sysndrome
140
glands that release their hormones directly into the bloodstream
endocrine glands
141
malignant tumor that can occur within the adrenal gland and anywhere within the systemic nervous system
neuroblastoma`
142
another name for the adrenal glands
suprarenal glands
143
enlargement of the abdominal aorta greater than 3cm
abdominal aortic aneurysm
144
a contained rupture of a blood vessel that is most likely secondary to the disruption of one or more layers of that vessel's wall
```
false aneurysm
(pseudoaneurysm)
```
145
the residual channel of a vessel created by the accumulation of a clot within that vessel
false lumen
146
shaped like a spindle; wider in the middle and tapering toward the ends
fusiform
147
the flow pattern that results from small arteries or arterioles that are contracted, which produces an increase in the resistance to blood flow to the structure that is being supplied
high resistance flow
148
a disorder of the connective tissue characterized by tall stature and aortic and mitral valve insufficiency
Marfan syndrome
149
the flow pattern characterized by persistent forward flow throughout the cardiac cycle
low resistance flow
150
aneurysm caused by infection
myotic aneurysm
151
a saclike dilation of blood vessel
saccular aneurysm
152
a condition resulting in interruption or reduction of the blood supply to the small intestine
small bowel ischemia
153
the enlargement of a vessel that involves all three layers of the wall
true aneurysm
154
cancer originating in glandular tissue
adenocarcinoma
155
an autoimmune disease characterized by periods of inflammation of the GI tract
Crohn disease
156
an abnormality in which fluid is allowed to reflux out of the stomach back in to the esophagus
gastroesophageal reflux
157
a defect in the relaxation of the pyloric sphincter that leads to the enlargement of the pyloric muscles and closure of the pyloric sphincter
hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
158
the telescoping of one segment of bowel into another;
| most often the proximal segment of bowel inserts into the distal
intussusception
159
a situation in which the small bowel mesentery rotates around the superior mesenteric artery
malrotation of the midgut
160
a common congenital outpouching of the wall of the intestine
Meckel diverticulum
161
a situation in which bowel is blocked because of the lack of normal peristalsis of a bowel segment
```
nonmechanical obstruction
( paralytic ileus)
```
162
a mass consisting of abnormal bronchial and lung tissue that develops within the fetal chest
cystic adenomatoid malformation
163
benign congenital neck cysts found most ofter near the angle of the mandible
brachial cleft cyst
164
hypofunctioning thyroid nodules seen on nuclear medicine study that have malignant potential
cold nodule
| hot nodules- benign
165
the most common cause of hyperthyroidism that produces bulging eyes, heat intolerance, nervousness, weight loss, and hair loss
Graves disease
166
the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the united states
Hashimoto thyroiditis
167
the most common form of thyroid cancer
papillary carcinoma
168
a benign congenital cyst located within the midline of the neck superior to the thyroid gland near the hyoid bone
thyroglossal duct cysts
169
the sonographic appearance of hypervascularity demonstrated with color doppler maging of the thyroid gland
thyroid inferno
170
the condition in which the patient lacks the normal posterior fixation of the testis and epididymis to the scrotal wall
bell clapper deformity
171
s sexually transmitted disease that can lead to inflammatory disease in both sexes
chlamydia
172
the condition of having an undescended testis or testicles
cryptorchidism
173
a cyst located anywhere along the lenth of the epididymis
peididymal cyst
174
inflammation of all or part of the epididymis
epididymis
175
inflammation of the epididymis and the testes
epididymoorchitis
176
a type of neoplasm derived from germ cells of the gonads; may be found outside of the reproductive gland
germ cell tumor
177
hormone produced by the trophoblastic cells of the early placenta; may also be used as a tumor marker in nongravid patients and males
human chorionic gonadotropin
178
the protusion of bowel or abdominal contents into the inguinal canal
inguinal hernia
179
a condition in which a male has an extra X chromosome; characteristic features include, small testicles, infertility, gynecomastia, long legs, and abdnormally low intelligence
Klinefelter syndrome
180
a pus collection within the scrotum
pyocele
181
an extratesticular calculi
scrotal pearl
182
the most common malignant neoplasm of the testicle
seminoma
183
a condition that results from the arterial blood supply to the testicle being cut off secondary to the twisting of the testicular axis
testicular torsion
184
a synovial cyst located within the popliteal fossa;
Baker cyst
| popliteal cyst
185
inflammation and infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues
cellulitis
186
a hanging flap of tissue
pannus
187
inflammation of the tendon and synovial tendon sheath
tendosynovitis
188
the clinical test used to evaluated for a complete tear of the Achilles tendon
Thompson test
189
name the order of the fetal circulation
umbilical vein, left portal vein. Ductus venosum, IVC
190
which vessels in the liver are intersegmental and interlobar
hepatic veins,(do not have echogenic walls)
191
which vessels are intrasegmental
portal veins, ( have hyperechoic wall)
192
give the order of echogenicity of normal structures in decreasing order
renal sinus - hyperechoic
pancreas
spleen/ liver
renal cortex - hypoechoic
193
what are the differential diagnosis of hyperechoic masses within the liver
focal fatty infiltration
cavernous hemangioma
echogenic metastasis
hepatic lipoma
194
what are the four types of portal hypertension
extrahepatic presinusoidal- PV thrombosis
intrahepatic presinusoidal- schistosomiosis
intrahepatic- cirrhosis (most common)
intrahepatic postsinusoidal- hepatic vein thrombosis
195
with Budd Chiari syndrome the caudate lobe is often spared because the ______________ veins drain directly into the IVC, thus the caudate lobe enlarges with atrophy of right and left lobe
emissary
196
what two liver pathologies are seen as a result of contraceptive use
Budd Chiari
| hepatic adenoma
197
Portal vein gas in adults is associated with __________
| and in infants it is due to
in adults with ischemic bowel disease( ulcurative colitis, crohns)
in infants with necrotizing entercolitis
198
a patient presents with acute RUQ pain, and decreasing hematocrit what is the diagnosis?
hemorrhagic cyst
199
what is the most common primary malignancy of the liver
Hepatocellular carcinoma ( hepatoma)
200
what are the most commonly encountered solid masses of the liver?
Metastatic disease
201
what is the most common malignant tumor in early childhood of the liver?
hepatoblastoma
202
what are the exocrine function of the pancreas
1. Amylase - digests carbohydrates
2. Lipase - digests - fats
3. Sodium bicarbonate - neutralizes stomach acids
4. Trypsin; chymotrypsin and carboxypolypaptidase-- digests proteins
203
What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas
Alpha cells Glucacon Promotes the release of glucose by the liver ( increases blood sugar levels)
Beta cell Insulin Stimulates the body to use up glucagon to produce energy
Delta cells Somatostatin Restrains insulin and glucose levels
204
What does amylase digest
Carbohydrates
205
What does lipase digest
fats
206
what does sodium bicarbonate do
Neutralizes stomach acids
207
What do Trypsin; chymotrypsin and carboxypolypaptidase digest
proteins
208
alpha cells
Glucagon Promotes the release of glucose by the liver ( increases blood sugar levels)
209
Beta cells
insulin Stimulates the body to use up glucagon to produce energy
210
Delta cells
Somatostatin Restrains insulin and glucose levels
