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Fall 2014 study > abdomen > Flashcards

abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity

A

ascites

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2
Q

a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritonal cavity may be associated with cancer

A

exudate ascites

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3
Q

a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity associated with cirrhosis

A

transudate ascites

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4
Q

an abscess that develops from a parasite that grows in the colon and invades the liver via the portal vein

A

amebic (liver) abscess

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5
Q

an inherited disease that results in the development of renal, liver, and pancreatic cysts late in life

A

autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

adult polycystic kidney disease

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6
Q

a growth disorder syndrome synonymous with enlargement of several organs including the skull, tongue, and liver

A

Beckwith- Wiedemann syndrome

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7
Q

a syndrome described as the occlusion of the hepatic veins, with possible co- existing occlusion of the IVC

A

Budd-Chiari syndrome

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8
Q

the most common benign liver tumor

A

cavernous hemangioma

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9
Q

inflammation of the bile ducts

A

cholangitis

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10
Q

condition defined as hepatocyte death, fibrosis and necrosis of the liver, and the subsequent development of regenerating nodules

A

cirrhosis

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11
Q

infection of the bowel which leads to diarrhea that meay contain mucus and /or blood

A

dysentery

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12
Q

a parasite responsible for the development of hydatid live cysts

A

echinococcus granulosus

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13
Q

a reversible disease characterized by deposits of fat within the hepatocytes

A

fatty liver

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14
Q

a benign liver mass composed of a combination of hepatocytes and fibrous tissue that typically contains a central scar

A

focal nodular hyperplasia

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15
Q

a localized collection of blood

A

hematoma

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16
Q

an inherited disease characterized by disproportionate absorption of dietary iron

A

hemochromatosis

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17
Q

a hepatic mass that results from the spread of fungus in the blood to the liver

A

hepatic candidiasis

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18
Q

inflammation of the liver

A

hepatitis

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19
Q

a benign liver mass often associated with the use of oral contraceptives

A

hepatocellular. Adenoma

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20
Q

the primary form of liver cancer

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

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21
Q

the malignant tumor associated with hepatocellular carcinoma

A

hepatoma

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22
Q

a liver cyst that develops form a tapeworm that lives in dog feces;

A

hydatid liver cyst ( echinococcus cyst)

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23
Q

specialized macrophages within the liver that engulf pathogens and damaged cells

A

Kupffer cells

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24
Q

the ability of a tumor a tumor or some other foreign entity to disort normal anatomy

A

Mass effect

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25
Q

an increase in the echogenicity of the portal triads as seen in hepatitis

A

periportal cuffing

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26
Q

the elevation of blood pressure within the portal venous system

A

portal hypertension

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27
Q

the development of clot within the portal vein

A

portal vein thrombosis

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28
Q

a liver abscess that can result from the spread of infection from inflammatory conditions such as appendicitis, diverticulitis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, and endocarditis

A

pyogenic hepatic abscess

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29
Q

the sonographic sign associated with the appearance of periportal cuffing in which there is an increased echogenicity of the walls of the portal triad

A

starry sky sign

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30
Q

the therapy for portal hypertension that involves the placement of a stent between the portal veins and hepatic veins to reduce portal systemic pressure

A

transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)

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31
Q

the inflammation of the gallbladder without associated gallstones

A

acalculous cholecystitis

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32
Q

the sudden onset of gallbladder inflammation

A

acute cholecystitis

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33
Q

benign hyperplasia of the gallbladder wall

A

adenomyomatosis

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34
Q

pain located in the RUQ in the area of the gallbladder

A

biliary colic

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35
Q

the hormone produced by the duodenum that causes the gallbladder to contract

A

cholecystokinin

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36
Q

the presence of a gallstone or gallstones within the biliary tree

A

choledocholithiasis

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37
Q

gallstones

A

cholelithiasis

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38
Q

cholecystitis that results from the intermittent obstruction of the cystic duct by gallstones

A

chronic cholecystitis

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39
Q

the clinical detection of an enlarged, palpable gallbladder caused by a biliary obstruction in the area of the pancreatic head

A

courvoisier gallbladder

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40
Q

an enlarged gallbladder

A

hydropic gallbladder

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41
Q

Inflammation of the peritoneal lining

A

peritonitis

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42
Q

the calcification of all or parts of the gallbladder wall

A

porcelain gallbladder

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43
Q

tiny pockets within the gallbladder wall

A

Rokitasky-Aschoff sinuses

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44
Q

thick sludge

A

tumefactive sludge

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45
Q

inflammation of the pancreas secondary to the leakage of pancreatic enzymes from the acinar cells in the parenchyma of the organ

A

acute pancreatitis

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46
Q

a congenital disease described as the narrowing or obliteration of all or a portion of the biliary tree

A

biliary atresia

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47
Q

a condition in which bile is stagnant and allowed to develop into the sludge or stones

A

biliary stasis

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48
Q

a congenital disorder characterized by segmental dilatation of the intrahepatic ducts

A

Caroli disease

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49
Q

primary bile duct cancer

A

cholangiocarcinoma

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50
Q

a radiographic procedure in which contrast is ingested into the bile ducts to assess for the presence of disease

A

cholangiography

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51
Q

inflammation of the bile ducts

A

cholangitis

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52
Q

the recurring destruction of the pancreatic tissue that results in atrophy, fibrosis, scarring, and the development of calcification within the gland

A

chronic pancreatitis

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53
Q

a malignant biliary tumor located in the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts

A

Klatskin tumor

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54
Q

a clinical condition when the patient presents with jaundice, pain, and fever, secondary to a lodged stone in the cystic duct

A

Mirizzi syndrome

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55
Q

air within the biliary tree

A

pneumobilia

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56
Q

the cells of the pancreas that carry out the exocrine function and therefore produce amylase, lipase, and sodium bicarbonate

A

acinar cells

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57
Q

co-exsisting enlargement of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct

A

double duct sign

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58
Q

the accessory duct of the pancreas

A

duct of santorini

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59
Q

the main pancreatic duct

A

duct of Wirsung

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60
Q

an islet cell tumor found within the pancreas may be malignant

A

gastrinoma

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61
Q

elevated amylase

A

hyperamylasemia

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62
Q

an islet cell tumor found within the pancreas

A

insulinoma

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63
Q

small islands of tissue found within the pancreas that produce insulin and glucagon

A

isles of Langerhans

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64
Q

tumor found within the isles of langerhans of the pancreas

A

islet cell tumors

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65
Q

a peritoneal cavity space located between the stomach and pancreas where fluid can accumulate

A

lesser sac

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66
Q

the most common form of pancreatic malignancy; typically found within the head of pancreas

A

pancreatic adenaocarcinoma

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67
Q

a cyst surrounded by fibrous tissue that consists of pancreatic enzymes that have leaked from the pancreas

A

pancreatic pseudocyst

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68
Q

the surgical procedure in which the head of the pancreas , the gallbladder, some of the bile ducts and the proximal duodenum are removed because of a malignant pancreatic neoplasm

A

pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure)

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69
Q

the peripancreatic fluid collection that results from the inflammation of the pancreas

A

phlegmon

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70
Q

a hereditary disease that includes the development of cysts within the pancreas and other organs

A

von Hipper- Lindau disease

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71
Q

the syndrome that includes an excessive secretion of acid by the stomach caused by the presence of a functional gastrinoma within the pancreas

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

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72
Q

a rare malignant tumor of the spleen that is derived from blood vessels

A

angiosarcoma

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73
Q

a herpesvirus that can lead to infectious mononucleosis

A

Epstein-Barr infection

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74
Q

small echogenic calcifications that result from inflammation of the tissue in that area

A

granulomas

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75
Q

a disease that results from the inhalation of an airborne fungus that can affect the lungs and may spread to other organs

A

histoplasmosis

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76
Q

specialized tissue within the spleen that performs is phagocytic function

A

red pulp

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77
Q

a systemic disease that result in the development of granulomas throughout the body

A

sarcoidosis

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78
Q

an inherited disease in which the body produces abnormally shaped red blood cells

A

sickle cell anemia

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79
Q

area within the spleen that becomes necrotic because o lack of oxygen

A

splenic infarct

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80
Q

specialized lymphatic tissue within the spleen

A

white pulp

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81
Q

a cystic disease of the kidney that is often the result of chronic hemodialysis

A

acquired renal cysts

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82
Q

an inflammation of the kidney/s

A

acute pyelonephritis

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83
Q

a sudden decrease in renal function

A

acute renal failure

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84
Q

damage to the tubular cells within the kidneys that result in renal failure

A

acute tubular necrosis

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85
Q

a common benign renal tumor that consists of a network of blood vessels, muscle, and fat

A

angiomyolipoma

86
Q

an inherited renal disease that results in bilateral enlargement of the fetal kidneys and microscopic renal cysts

A

autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

infantile polycystic kidney disease

87
Q

an excess of urea or other nitrogenous compounds in the blood

A

azotemia

88
Q

benign enlargement of the prostate gland

A

benign prostatic hypertrophy

89
Q

a chronic inflammation of the kidney/s

A

chronic pyelonephritis

90
Q

the accumulation of calcium within the cortex of the kidney

A

cortical nephrocalcinosis

91
Q

the dilation of the renal collecting system at birth

A

congenital hydronephrosis

92
Q

an extension of the renal cortex located between the renal pyramids

A

columns of Bertin

93
Q

a chemical waste molecule that is generated from muscle metabolism and excreted in urine

A

creatinine

94
Q

an inflammation of the urinary bladder

A

cystitis

95
Q

the muscle that controls the appropriated emptying of the urinary bladder

A

detrusor muscle

96
Q

painful or difficult urination

A

dysuria

97
Q

the formation of air within the kidney parenchyma secondary to bacterial infection

A

emphysematous pyelonephritis

98
Q

an infection of the kidney glomeruli

A

glomerulonephritis

99
Q

blood within the urine

A

hematuria

100
Q

maintenance of normal body physiology

A

homeostasis

101
Q

the dilation of the renal collecting system resulting from the obstruction of the flow of urine from the kidney(s) to the bladder;

A

hydronephrosis

pelvocaliectasis

102
Q

distension of the ureter with fluid due to obstruction

A

hydroureter

103
Q

carcinoma of the kidney

A

hypernephroma

renal cell carcinoma

104
Q

a collection of lymphatic fluid

A

lymphocele

105
Q

the accumulation of calcium within medulla of the renal parenchyma

A

medullary nephrocalcinosis

106
Q

a congenital disorder characterized by the accumulation of calcium within abnormally dilated collection ducts located within the medulla

A

medullary sponge kidney disease

107
Q

a renal disease though to be caused by an early renal obstruction; leads to the development of multiple noncommunicating cyst of varying sizes in the renal fossa

A

multicystic dysplastic kidney disease

108
Q

the most common solid malignant pediatric abdominal mass

A

nephroblastoma

Wilm’s tumor

109
Q

a small mass located on the wall of the structure

A

mural nodules

110
Q

the urinary stones located within the kidney

A

nephrolithiasis

111
Q

a kidney disorder caused by damage to the glomeruli, which results in excess amounts of protein in the urine and the swelling of the ankles, face, and feet due to accumulation of excess water

A

nephrotic syndrome

112
Q

a scant or decreased urine output

A

oliguria

113
Q

a benign renal tumor that is often found in men in their 60’s

A

oncocytom

114
Q

an abscess that surround the kidney

A

perinephric abscess

115
Q

a benign, solid adrenal tumor associated with uncontrollable hypertension

A

pheochromocytoma

116
Q

irregular thin membranes of tissue, located within the male posterior urethra that do not allow urine to exit the urethra

A

posterior urethra valves

117
Q

a syndrome that is a consequence of the abdominal wall muscles being stretched by an extremely enlarged urinary bladder

A

prune belly syndrome

118
Q

condition of having pus within the collecting system of the kidneys

A

pyonephrosis

119
Q

a benign renal mass

A

renal cell adenoma

120
Q

a sharp pain in the lower back that radiates into the groin and is typically associated with the passage of urinary stone through the ureter

A

renal colic

121
Q

a ratio calculated by dividing the highest renal velocity by the highest aortic velocity obtained at the level of the renal arteries

A

renal/ aorta ratio

122
Q

a blood clot located within the renal vein

A

renal vein thrombosis

123
Q

a disease characterized by the build up of fibrous tissue within the retroperitoneum; this mass may involve the abd aorta, IVC, ureters, and sacrum

A

retroperitoneal fibrosis

124
Q

a large urinary stone that completely fills and takes the shape of the renal pelvis

A

staghorn calculus

125
Q

the combination of a slow systolic upstroke and a decreased systolic velocity

A

tardus parvus

126
Q

a malignant tumor of the urinary tract that is often found within the urinary bladder or within the renal pelvis

A

transitional cell carcinoma

127
Q

a systemic disorder that leads to the development of tumors within various organs

A

tuberous sclerosis

128
Q

a tubular structure that is a remnant of embryonic development, which extends from the umbilicus to the apex of the gallbladder

A

urachus

129
Q

an abnormality in which the distal ureter projects into the urinary bladder

A

ureterocele

130
Q

inflammation of the urethra

A

urethritis

131
Q

a localized collection of urine

A

urinoma

132
Q

a urinary stone

A

urolithiasis

133
Q

an inherited disorder characterized by tumors of the central nervous system and the development of cysts within the kidneys, renal cell carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma

A

von Hippel- Lindau syndrome

134
Q

the most common solid malignant pediatric abdominal mass

A

Wilms tumor

nephroblastoma

135
Q

a rare chronic form of pyelophritis that is typically the result of a chronic obstruction process

A

xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

136
Q

a benign solid mass located within the adrenal glands

A

adrenal adenoma

137
Q

hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, which controls the release of hormones by the adrenal glands

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

138
Q

a syndrome caused by a functioning tumor within the adrenal cortex that produces excess amounts of aldosterone; pts will have hypertension, excessive thirst, excessive urination, and low levels of potassium in the blood

A

Conn syndrome

139
Q

a syndrome that results from a pituitary or adrenal tumor that causes overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands; pts may presents with obesity, thinning arms and legs, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and severe fatigue

A

Cushing sysndrome

140
Q

glands that release their hormones directly into the bloodstream

A

endocrine glands

141
Q

malignant tumor that can occur within the adrenal gland and anywhere within the systemic nervous system

A

neuroblastoma`

142
Q

another name for the adrenal glands

A

suprarenal glands

143
Q

enlargement of the abdominal aorta greater than 3cm

A

abdominal aortic aneurysm

144
Q

a contained rupture of a blood vessel that is most likely secondary to the disruption of one or more layers of that vessel’s wall

A 
false aneurysm
(pseudoaneurysm)
145
Q

the residual channel of a vessel created by the accumulation of a clot within that vessel

A

false lumen

146
Q

shaped like a spindle; wider in the middle and tapering toward the ends

A

fusiform

147
Q

the flow pattern that results from small arteries or arterioles that are contracted, which produces an increase in the resistance to blood flow to the structure that is being supplied

A

high resistance flow

148
Q

a disorder of the connective tissue characterized by tall stature and aortic and mitral valve insufficiency

A

Marfan syndrome

149
Q

the flow pattern characterized by persistent forward flow throughout the cardiac cycle

A

low resistance flow

150
Q

aneurysm caused by infection

A

myotic aneurysm

151
Q

a saclike dilation of blood vessel

A

saccular aneurysm

152
Q

a condition resulting in interruption or reduction of the blood supply to the small intestine

A

small bowel ischemia

153
Q

the enlargement of a vessel that involves all three layers of the wall

A

true aneurysm

154
Q

cancer originating in glandular tissue

A

adenocarcinoma

155
Q

an autoimmune disease characterized by periods of inflammation of the GI tract

A

Crohn disease

156
Q

an abnormality in which fluid is allowed to reflux out of the stomach back in to the esophagus

A

gastroesophageal reflux

157
Q

a defect in the relaxation of the pyloric sphincter that leads to the enlargement of the pyloric muscles and closure of the pyloric sphincter

A

hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

158
Q

the telescoping of one segment of bowel into another;

most often the proximal segment of bowel inserts into the distal

A

intussusception

159
Q

a situation in which the small bowel mesentery rotates around the superior mesenteric artery

A

malrotation of the midgut

160
Q

a common congenital outpouching of the wall of the intestine

A

Meckel diverticulum

161
Q

a situation in which bowel is blocked because of the lack of normal peristalsis of a bowel segment

A 
nonmechanical obstruction
( paralytic ileus)
162
Q

a mass consisting of abnormal bronchial and lung tissue that develops within the fetal chest

A

cystic adenomatoid malformation

163
Q

benign congenital neck cysts found most ofter near the angle of the mandible

A

brachial cleft cyst

164
Q

hypofunctioning thyroid nodules seen on nuclear medicine study that have malignant potential

A

cold nodule

hot nodules- benign

165
Q

the most common cause of hyperthyroidism that produces bulging eyes, heat intolerance, nervousness, weight loss, and hair loss

A

Graves disease

166
Q

the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the united states

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

167
Q

the most common form of thyroid cancer

A

papillary carcinoma

168
Q

a benign congenital cyst located within the midline of the neck superior to the thyroid gland near the hyoid bone

A

thyroglossal duct cysts

169
Q

the sonographic appearance of hypervascularity demonstrated with color doppler maging of the thyroid gland

A

thyroid inferno

170
Q

the condition in which the patient lacks the normal posterior fixation of the testis and epididymis to the scrotal wall

A

bell clapper deformity

171
Q

s sexually transmitted disease that can lead to inflammatory disease in both sexes

A

chlamydia

172
Q

the condition of having an undescended testis or testicles

A

cryptorchidism

173
Q

a cyst located anywhere along the lenth of the epididymis

A

peididymal cyst

174
Q

inflammation of all or part of the epididymis

A

epididymis

175
Q

inflammation of the epididymis and the testes

A

epididymoorchitis

176
Q

a type of neoplasm derived from germ cells of the gonads; may be found outside of the reproductive gland

A

germ cell tumor

177
Q

hormone produced by the trophoblastic cells of the early placenta; may also be used as a tumor marker in nongravid patients and males

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

178
Q

the protusion of bowel or abdominal contents into the inguinal canal

A

inguinal hernia

179
Q

a condition in which a male has an extra X chromosome; characteristic features include, small testicles, infertility, gynecomastia, long legs, and abdnormally low intelligence

A

Klinefelter syndrome

180
Q

a pus collection within the scrotum

A

pyocele

181
Q

an extratesticular calculi

A

scrotal pearl

182
Q

the most common malignant neoplasm of the testicle

A

seminoma

183
Q

a condition that results from the arterial blood supply to the testicle being cut off secondary to the twisting of the testicular axis

A

testicular torsion

184
Q

a synovial cyst located within the popliteal fossa;

A

Baker cyst

popliteal cyst

185
Q

inflammation and infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues

A

cellulitis

186
Q

a hanging flap of tissue

A

pannus

187
Q

inflammation of the tendon and synovial tendon sheath

A

tendosynovitis

188
Q

the clinical test used to evaluated for a complete tear of the Achilles tendon

A

Thompson test

189
Q

name the order of the fetal circulation

A

umbilical vein, left portal vein. Ductus venosum, IVC

190
Q

which vessels in the liver are intersegmental and interlobar

A

hepatic veins,(do not have echogenic walls)

191
Q

which vessels are intrasegmental

A

portal veins, ( have hyperechoic wall)

192
Q

give the order of echogenicity of normal structures in decreasing order

A

renal sinus - hyperechoic
pancreas
spleen/ liver
renal cortex - hypoechoic

193
Q

what are the differential diagnosis of hyperechoic masses within the liver

A

focal fatty infiltration
cavernous hemangioma
echogenic metastasis
hepatic lipoma

194
Q

what are the four types of portal hypertension

A

extrahepatic presinusoidal- PV thrombosis
intrahepatic presinusoidal- schistosomiosis
intrahepatic- cirrhosis (most common)
intrahepatic postsinusoidal- hepatic vein thrombosis

195
Q

with Budd Chiari syndrome the caudate lobe is often spared because the ______________ veins drain directly into the IVC, thus the caudate lobe enlarges with atrophy of right and left lobe

A

emissary

196
Q

what two liver pathologies are seen as a result of contraceptive use

A

Budd Chiari

hepatic adenoma

197
Q

Portal vein gas in adults is associated with __________

and in infants it is due to

A

in adults with ischemic bowel disease( ulcurative colitis, crohns)

in infants with necrotizing entercolitis

198
Q

a patient presents with acute RUQ pain, and decreasing hematocrit what is the diagnosis?

A

hemorrhagic cyst

199
Q

what is the most common primary malignancy of the liver

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma ( hepatoma)

200
Q

what are the most commonly encountered solid masses of the liver?

A

Metastatic disease

201
Q

what is the most common malignant tumor in early childhood of the liver?

A

hepatoblastoma

202
Q

what are the exocrine function of the pancreas

A
  1. Amylase - digests carbohydrates
  2. Lipase - digests - fats
  3. Sodium bicarbonate - neutralizes stomach acids
  4. Trypsin; chymotrypsin and carboxypolypaptidase– digests proteins
203
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas

A

Alpha cells Glucacon Promotes the release of glucose by the liver ( increases blood sugar levels)

Beta cell Insulin Stimulates the body to use up glucagon to produce energy

Delta cells Somatostatin Restrains insulin and glucose levels

204
Q

What does amylase digest

A

Carbohydrates

205
Q

What does lipase digest

A

fats

206
Q

what does sodium bicarbonate do

A

Neutralizes stomach acids

207
Q

What do Trypsin; chymotrypsin and carboxypolypaptidase digest

A

proteins

208
Q

alpha cells

A

Glucagon Promotes the release of glucose by the liver ( increases blood sugar levels)

209
Q

Beta cells

A

insulin Stimulates the body to use up glucagon to produce energy

210
Q

Delta cells

A

Somatostatin Restrains insulin and glucose levels

Fall 2014 study (9 decks)

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