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Fall 2014 study > abdomen 2 > Flashcards

abdomen 2 Flashcards

1
Q

a major cause of portal hypertenstion worldwide, the intrahepatic portal veins become occluded resulting in portal hypertension
has periportal fibrosis

A

schistosomiasis

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2
Q

Benign solid liver mass that is believed to be a developmental hyperplastic lesion, rather than a true neoplasm

A

Focal Nodular Hyperplasia

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3
Q

extremely rare fatty tumors

A

Hepatic lipomas

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4
Q

what is the most common mass invading the IVC

A

Renal cell carcinoma

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5
Q

what are causes for GB wall thickening

A 
cholecystitis
hypoalbuminemia
ascites
hepatitis
congestive heart failure
pancreatitis
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6
Q

calcium bilirubinjate granules and cholesterol crystals

nonshadowing, echogenic material which layers and shifts with pt postion

A

sludge

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7
Q

gas found in the wall of gb , due to ischemia and infection

A

emphysematous cholecystitis

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8
Q

what causes gas in the biliary system

A 
ERCP
sphincter of Oddi papilotomy
Cholendochojejunostomy
gallbladder (biliary) fistula
emphysematous cholecystitis
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9
Q

purulent materisl within the gb due to bacteria containing bile associated with acute cholecystitis

A

empyema of the gb

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10
Q

complication of acute cholecystitis, localized fluid collection in the gb fossa

A

Gallbladder perforation

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11
Q

sludge like material with a high concentration of calcium, associated with chronic cholecystitis and gb obstruction
with distal acoustic shadowing

A

Milk of calcium bile ( Limy bile)

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12
Q

less than 10mm are unlikely to be cancerous, if greater than 10mm and demonstrate growth could be malignant

A

Gallbladder polyps

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13
Q

Lipids are deposited in the gb wall

A

cholestorolosis

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14
Q

intraluminal mass, asymmetric wall thickening or mass that fills the gb lumen(most common)

A

gallbladder carcinoma

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15
Q

what are the two most common lesions to cause biliary obstruction

A

gallstones

carcinoma of the head of the pancreas

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16
Q

name the causes of biliary obstruction

A 
choledocholithiasis
Mirizze syndrome
cholangiocarcinoma
cholangitis
biliary atresia
choledochal cyst
Caroli's disease
pancreatic adenocarcinoma
gallbladder carcinoma
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17
Q

suspected when jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia) persists beyond 14 days of age
absence of CHD and CBD

A

Biliary atresia

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18
Q

air in the biliary tract, associated with Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP)

A

pneumobilia

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19
Q

congenital bile duct anomalies consisting of cystic dilatation of the intra or extrahepatic bile ducts

A

cholecochal cysts

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20
Q

type 5 choledochal cyst,

congenital anomaly of the biliary tree characterized by multifocal segmental dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts

A

caroli’s disease

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21
Q

inflammation and fibrosis of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts

A

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

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22
Q

chronic and progressive cholestasis due to destruction of the small intrahepatic bile ducts leading to end stage liver disease

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis

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23
Q

what structures are in contact with the pancreatic head

A 
IVC
CBD
Ampulla of Vater (terminal end of CBD)
GDA
Duodenal C loop (2nd portion)
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24
Q

an inflammatory mass formed by edema and leakage of pancreatic enzymes, forms as a complication of acute pancreatitis

A

Pancreatic phlegmon

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25
Q

a spreading inflammatory reaction to an infection which forms a suppurative lesion

A

Phlegmon

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26
Q

exocrine gland disorder resulting in viscous secretion causing pancreatic dysfunction

A

cystic fibrosis

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27
Q

accumulation of pancreatid fluid and necrotic debris confined to the retroperitoneum

A

pancreatic pseudocyst

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28
Q

Failure of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic ductal systems to fuse during embryonic development resultig in the smaller Sanrorini’s duct draining the pancreas

A

Pancreas DIvisum

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29
Q

Congenital anomaly where the ventral pancreas encircles the second part of the dueodenum

A

annular pancreas

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30
Q

90% of the pts with this present with lymphatic and metastatic spread of the tumor
typically arises in the head

A

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

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31
Q

benign, associted with von Hippel lindau disease , Cluster of grape like cysts

A

Pancreatic serous cystadenoma

Microcystic cystadenoma

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32
Q

Uncommon, Malignant or malignant potential, multicystic pancreatic mass

A

Mucinous cystic neoplasms

macrocystic cystadenoma

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33
Q

Tumors of the pancreatic islet cell
uncommon
Insulinoma- most common usually benign
gastrinoma-malignant potential, Zolliger ellison syndrome

A

Islet cell Tumors (endrocrine Tumors)

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34
Q

although not characteristic of insulinomas and gasrinomas where are most of the pancreatic islet cell tumors found

A

Pancreatic body and tail

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35
Q

an inherited endocrine disorder

A

Multipel Endocrine Neoplasia

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36
Q

what are the most common sites of involvement for Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN)

A 
Parathyroids ( hyperparathyroidism)
Pancreatic Islet cell    (gastrinomas, insulinomas)
Pituitary glands (Prolactinomas)\
Adrenal glands (pheochromocytomas)
thyroid ( medullary thyroid carcinoma)
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37
Q

what are the organ relations to the right kidney

A

Adrenal gland- Superomedial
Liver- superiolateral
Right colic flexure- inferior
2nd part of duodenum- medial

38
Q

what are the organ relations to the left kidney

A

Adrenal gland and spleen are superior
Pancreatic tail is anterior to the upper pole
left colic flexure is inferior

39
Q

Results from failure of the kidneys to ascend into the abdomen

A

ectopic kidney (pelvic kidney)

40
Q

Most common fusion anomaly in which the lower poles typically connect across the midline anterior to the aorta

A

Horseshoe kidney

41
Q

Developing kidneys fuse in the pelvis and one kidney ascends to its normal position carrying the other one with it across the midline

A

Crossed fused renal ectopia

42
Q

kidneys may fuse to form a round mass in the pelvis known as discoid or pancake kidney

A

Fuse pelvic kidney

43
Q

common variant of cortical thickening on the lateral aspect of the left kidney

A

Dromedary hump

44
Q

seen as a triangular hyperechoic area on the anterior aspect of the upper pole of the right kidney

A

Junctional parenchymal defect

45
Q

Duplication of the collection system which occurs in approximately 15% of the population

A

Duplex kidney

46
Q

Complete duplex kidney

A

two ureters

i

47
Q

Incomplete duplex kidney

A

one ureter

48
Q

Normal variation of prominent renal cortical parenchyma located between two medullary pyramids, may give the appearance of a mass effect

A

Column of Bertin (septal cortex)

49
Q

associated with oligohydramnios and pulmonary hypoplasia, incompatible with life

A

Bilateral renal agenesis

50
Q

associated with bicornuate uterus in females

and seminal vesicle agenesis in males

A

unilateral renal agenesis

51
Q

lies outside the renal sinus sonographycally appearing as a cystic collection medial to the renal hilum

A

Extrarenal pelvis

52
Q

Obstruction due to a flap of mucusa that has a slit like opening in the area of the prostatic urethra

A

Posterior urethral valves

53
Q

calyceal diverticula that sonographically appear as a simple cyst

A

pylogenic cyst

54
Q

cortical cysts that bulge into the central sinus of the kidney

A

Parapelvic cysts

55
Q

lymphatic cysts in the central sinus

A

peripelvic cysts

56
Q

cysts with multiple or thick septations
thick calcifications, mural nodule; solid component

suggest malignancy

A

atypical renal cysts

57
Q

bilateral renal enlargement due to the development of numerous cysts of varying sizes,
demonstrates in adults

A

Autosomal Dominant (adult) Polycystic Kidney disease

58
Q

may be detected in utero with oligohydramnios

bilateral renal enlargement, multiple microscopic cysts, hyperechoic parenchyma, loss of cortical medullary distinction

A

Autosoma recessive (infantile) polycystic kidney disease

59
Q

Multiple noncommunicating cysts with the absence of renal parenchyma, typically unilateral but may be bilateral

A

Multicystic dysplastic kidney

60
Q

what urinary malformations are associated with MDK

A

contralateral ureteropelviec junction obstruction
contralateral renal agenesis of hypoplasia
crossed fused ectopia
horseshoe kidney
patent urachus
ureterocele
vesicoureteral reflux

61
Q

what is congenital ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction caused by

A

ureteral hypoplasia
high insertion of the ureter into renal pelvis
compression by segmental artery

62
Q

What is UPJ obstruction associated with

A 
MDK
renal agenesis (contralateral)
Duplicated collection system
Horseshoe kidney
Ectopic kidney
63
Q

inherited disease which usually presents in the second or third decade of life with serious visual impairment

A

Von Hippel lindau disease

64
Q

name the related tumors that can be found with Von Hippel lindau syndrome

A

Renal cell carcinoma
pheochromocytoma
islet cell tumors
Renal and pancreatic cysts

65
Q

hyperechoic benign renal tumor.
causes a propagation speed artifact
80% in rt kidney

A

Angiomyolipoma

66
Q

a multi system genetic disease seizures, mental retardation and facial angiofibromas

A

Tuberous sclerosis

67
Q

with tuberous sclerosis there is and increased incidence of

A

renal cysts and angiomyolipomas (typically bilateral)

68
Q

Most common solid renal mass in the adult

typically unilateral

A

renal cell carcinoma

69
Q

renal parenchyma may be the site of secondary tumors that have metastasized from other primary organs
lung
breast
colon, etc

A

renal metastases

70
Q

the most common childhood renal tumor

mean age diagnosis is 3-5 yrs

A

Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)

71
Q

how can you differentiate a wilms tumor from an adrenal neuroblastoma?

A

Wilm’s tumor destroys the renal contour if the normal renal contour is maintained bilaterally, and abdominal mass is most likely an adrenal neuroblastoma

72
Q

renal infection, most occur via ascending route from the bladder.

A

Acute pyelonephritis

73
Q

a bacterial infection associated with renal ischemia

A

emphysematous pyelonephritis

74
Q

renal injury induced by recurrent renal infection due to
anatomic anomalies
obstructive lesions
ureteral reflux

A

chronic pyelonephritis

75
Q

type of chronic pheonephritis resulting from chronic infections due to a long term obstruction

A

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGPN)

76
Q

what are findings associated with XGPN

A 
renal enlargement
parenchymal abscesses
Staghorn calculus
papillary necrosis
hydronephrosis
pyonephrosis
loss of cortical medullary boundry
cortical thinning
77
Q

Failure to depict a normal kidney associated with staghorn calculus suggests the diagnosis of

A

XGPN

78
Q

Purulent material in the collection system of the kidney associated with an infection secondary to obstruction

A

Pyonephrosis

79
Q

fungus ball

candidiasis is the most common renal fungus disease

A

Mycetoma

80
Q

name the hyperechoic renal masses

A 
mycetoma
angiomyolipomas
blood clots
pyogenic debris
sloughed papilla
renal stones
81
Q

abrupt decline in renal function

A

acute renal injury

formally acute renal failure

82
Q 
blood clot in renal vein
associated with:
    extrinsic compression
    nephrotic syndrome
    renal tumors
    renal transplants
    trauma
A

renal vein thrombosis

83
Q

a sudden cause of prerenal failure that presents as:
acute flank pain
hematuria
sudden rise in blood pressure

A

renal artery thrombosis

84
Q

the most common cause of acute kidney injury, medical renal disease/ intrinsic renal failure

A

acute tubular necrosis

85
Q

inflammatory response resulting in glomerular damage caused by infectious and noninfectious causes

A

Acute glomerulonephritis (GN)

86
Q

Ischemia of the medullary pyramids

A

Papillary Necrosis

87
Q

increased renal sinus fat that replaces normal renal parenchyma

A

renal sinus lipomatosis

88
Q

a herniation of the bladder mucusa through the bladder wall musculature

A

bladder diverticula

89
Q

a cystic dilatation of the fetal urachus

A

urachal cyst

90
Q

the most common bladder neoplasm

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

91
Q

symptoms include
sudden onset of hypertension
uncontrollable hypertension
decreased renal size

A

renal artery stenosis

Fall 2014 study (9 decks)

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