Spotlight week 1-6 Flashcards
treatments for low back pain
ischemic compression (trigger point)
cross-fibre frictions
PNF- contract relax method
active muscle release (hypertonic muscle)
myofascial trigger point
spot in a hypertonic band of muscle around muscle belly that’s hyper-irritable; tender; shortened muscle
from trauma; damage sarcoplasmic reticulum bc calcium influx
increase in metabolism and decrease in circulation (ischemia)
how does ischemic compression/ trigger point therapy work
FLUSHING effect of metabolites on local ischemia
helps with hypertonicity
ischemic compression/ trigger point methods
- static compression (hold for 30-120 secs)
- intermittent method (hold for 10 seconds, wait 10 secs) and do for 3xc
cross-fibre friction
help breakdown adhesions in muscles in subacute or chronic (NOT acute)
increase ROM
releases histamine and bradykinin causing local vasodilation and blood flow to area
go in opposite direction of fibre
proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) (contract relax technique)
stretching technique; active inhibition
stretch then contract and move to deeper stretch 3x
active muscle release
release adhesions via ROM
in chronic stage
find hypertonicity area and apply tension then stretch area
what herbs for URTI?
antivirals/antimicrobials, immune stimulants, expectorants, demulcents, adaptogens, anti inflame
want direct effects of kill bug
and indirect to prevent viral entry to cell
many herbs have organ specificity
3 herbs for URTI
Baptisia tinctoria (wild indigo)
Echinacea angustifolia/ purpurea
Zingiber officinalis (ginger)
what family is echinacea and Calendula officinalis and Matricaria recutita (chamomile) part of and allergy you need to be aware of
astaracea family allergy
4 herbs for dermatitis
- calendula officinalis
- centella asiatica (gotu kola)
- matricaria recuzita (chamomile)
- plantar spp (plantain)
what herbs are anti inflammatory
- General anti-inflammatory: turmeric
- Anti-inflammatory to lungs/GIT: licorice
- Anti-inflammatory to cardiovascular system: hawthorn
- Anti-inflammatory to MSK: devil’s claw
anti inflammatory action?
demulcent or emollinet
inhibit COX and lipooxygenase enzymes to reduce inflammatory prostaglandin and leukotriene and cytokines
4 herbs for joint pain and inflammation
Boswellia serrata (frankincense)
Curcuma longa (turmeric)
Harpagophytum procumbens (devils claw)
Salix alba (white willow)
how is aspirin made
and who should avoid
by acetylating SALYCILIC ACID –> Salix alba (white willow)
kids with flu bc Reyes syndrome
antibiotic resistance
modify molecule, decrease penetration and efflux, change target site, global cell adaptations
i.e. beta lactase enzyme eats penicilin so it cant bind
bactericidal vs bacteriostatic
kills sensitive organisms so that number of viable organisms falls rapidly after exposure
inhibits growth of bacteria but does not kill them
narrow vs broad vs extended spectrum antimicrobials
Narrow-spectrum – agent is active against a single species or limited group of pathogens
Broad-spectrum – agent is active against a wide range of pathogens
Extended-spectrum – agent falls in between (intermediate)
how antibiotics work
beta lactam antibitoics interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis
inhibits bacterial transpeptidase
penicillin v
narrow spectrum antibiotic
oral suspension
for group A streptococcal pharyngitis
which antibiotic for group A streptococcal pharyngitis
penicillin v
amoxicillin
extended spectrum penicilin
greater activity against gram negative bacteria
cephalosporins
more resistant to beta lactamases ;; dif generations
cefadroxil
1st generation cephalosporin
used if penicilin fails or allergy
cephalexin
1st generation cephalosporin
used if penicilin fails or allergy
protein synthesis inhibitors (antibiotics)
Prokaryotic ribosomes are composed of a 30S and 50S subunit
Amino acid cant been and do translocation of mRNA
macrolides
inhibit peptide transferase which function to link amino acids together in growing peptide chain, also interfere with translocation
azithromycin
for penicillin alternative
clarithromycin
for penicillin alternative
lincosamides
interfere with translocation
can cause clostridium difficile infections
clindamycin
for penicillin allergy
if pharyngitis recurrent
group A streptococcal pharyngitis treatment (strept throat)
antibiotics if at risk of developing acute rheumatic fever and have tested +
watchful waiting helpful bc minimal impact on natural course of strep
Which of the following antibiotics is suitable for use in a patient with an immediate hypersensitivity reaction to penicillin?
A. Amoxicillin
B. Cephalexin
C. Cefadroxil
D. Azithromycin
D. Azithromycin
monoamine hypothesis
States that mood disorders result from abnormalities in serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine neurotransmission
- Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
a. Block neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonic; increase time NTs are in synapse
name a TCA, SNRI, SSRI
TCA- imipramine
SSRI-escitalopram
SNRI- venlafaxine
serotonin syndrome
when increase serotonin drug
altered mental status, neuromuscular abnormalities, and autonomic hyperactivity
Mild hypertension and tachycardia, mydriasis, diaphoresis, shivering, tremor, myoclonus, and hyperreflexia
Hyperthermia (40°C), hyperactive bowel sounds, horizontal ocular clonus, mild agitation, hypervigilance, and pressured speech
eizures, renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory failure, coma, and death.
Hyperreflexia, rigidity and clonus tends to be more prominent in the lower extremities
antidepressant discontinuation syndrome
if rapid discontinue or reduce dose
–>to avoid slowly taper off meds
greatest risk in drugs with shorter half-life (venlafaxine is one of them)
Anxiety, crying, headache, increased dreaming, insomnia, irritability, myoclonus, nausea, electric shocks, tremor, flulike symptoms, imbalance, and sensory disturbances
–>not life threatening
name a benzodiazepine
clonazepam
what do benzodiazepines act on
Act as positive allosteric modulators of GABA-A receptors
GABA-A receptors are found in high concentrations in the cortex and limbic system
GABA is inhibitory and reduces the excitability of neurons
BZ1 and BZ2 allosteric binding sites
BZ1 in cortex, thalamus, cerebellum (can cause anterograde amnesia bc lipid soluble)
BZ2 in limbic system, motor neurons and dorsal horn of SC (relax muscles)
benzodiapene use
second line agent for GAD
NOT MDD
Which of the following drugs enhances inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission?
A. Escitalopram B. Clonazepam C. Venlafaxine D. Imipramine
clonazepam
bc its a benzodiazepene
A patient complaining of increased dreaming, electric shocks, and flulike symptoms after cutting their pills in half to make them last longer may be experiencing which of the following?
A. Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome
B. Benzodiazepine withdrawal
C. Serotonin syndrome
D. Typical adverse effects of antidepressant therapy
A. Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome
