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RSNOTES > Spot Test > Flashcards

Spot Test Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two kinds of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures and fibrous sheets

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2
Q

What are sutures?

A

Joints between the skull bones

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3
Q

What are fibrous sheets? give an example

A

syndesmoses eg interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna

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4
Q

What are the two kinds of cartilaginous joints?

A

Primary and secondary

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5
Q

What are primary cartilaginous joints? Give and example:

A

Bones are connected by hyaline cartilage and may ossify eg epiphyseal growth plate

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6
Q

What are secondary cartilaginous joints? Give an example:

A

Fibrocartilage between bones eg invertebral discs

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7
Q

What are the main bones of the skull?

A

Frontal, parietal, sphenoid, temporal and occipital

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8
Q

What is the head of the femur?

A

Epiphysis

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9
Q

What is the neck of the femur?

A

Metaphysis

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10
Q

What are the five subtypes of synovial joint?

A

Pivot (>45 degree), plane, ball and socket, hinge, biaxial

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11
Q

What is subluxation?

A

Reduced area of contact between articular surfaces

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12
Q

What is dislocation?

A

Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

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13
Q

What are the TMJs?

A

Mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of temporal bone superiorly & (head of condylar process of the madible inferioirly

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14
Q

What is the special feature of the TMJ?

A

Articular disc

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15
Q

What is the structure of bone?

A

Outer cortex and inner medulla

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16
Q

What is the outer layer of the bone called?

A

Periosteum (very painful in fractures)

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17
Q

What are the 3 fossae of the cranial cavity?

A

anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa

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18
Q

What bone has no articulations?

A

Hyoid

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19
Q

What is the pectoral girdle?

A

Bones of the shoulder that attache upper limb to axial skeleton

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20
Q

What is the hole that passes through base of skull?

A

Foramen magnum

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21
Q

What are the bones of the facial skeleton?

A

Nasal (left and right), zygomatic bone (left and right- cheek bone), maxilla (left and right), mandible

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22
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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23
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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24
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

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25
Q

How many scral vertebrae fused to scrum are there?

A

5

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26
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there fused to coccyx?

A

4

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27
Q

When can the intervertebral foramen be seen?

A

Lateral view

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28
Q

What is the first palpable spinous process?

A

C7 (vertebrae prominens)

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29
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12

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30
Q

What are the true ribs, false ribs and floating ribs?

A

1-6, 7-10, 11 &12

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31
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

epicardium, myocardium and endocardium

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32
Q

What are the major vessels?

A

SVC, aorta, PT

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33
Q

What are the borders of the heart and what makes up most of them?

A

Right- right auricle
Left lateral- left ventricle
Inferior surface rests on diaphragm

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34
Q

How does the electrical impulse spread through the heart?

A

SAN- AVN- Bundle of HIS, L&R bundle branches, Purkinje fibres

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35
Q

What is the junction for all four chambers of the heart?

A

Crux of the heart

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36
Q

What supplies the heart with nerves?

A

Cardiac plexus

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37
Q

What is the deltoid muscle?

A

Muscle forming rounded contour of the shoulder

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38
Q

What single joint does the deltoid muscle cross?

A

Shoulder

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39
Q

What is the deep bowl like stucture of the proximal ulna?

A

Trochlear notch

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40
Q

What does brachii relate to?

A

Arm region of body (muscles here named as such)

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41
Q

What does biceps mean?

A

Has two heads

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42
Q

What is the route taken by APs called?

A

Reflex arc

43
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A

epidermis, dermis,superficial fascia, deep fascia, skeletal muscle

44
Q

At what vertebrae does the larynx become the trachea?

A

C6

45
Q

What supports the walls of the trachea and bronchi

A

Hyaline cartilage

46
Q

What is the narrowest part of the larynx?

A

Rima glottidis

47
Q

What is the scapulla?

A

Shoulder

48
Q

What is the landmark for CPR?

A

Xiphoid process of sternum

49
Q

What are the joints of breathing?

A

Costovertebral, sternocostal, costochondral,

50
Q

What makes up the lower GI tract?

A

Caecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal, anus

51
Q

What is the process on C2 vertebra?

A

Odontoid process

52
Q

What are the 4 muscles of chewing?

A

Masseter, temporalis, medial pretygoid, lateral pterygoid

53
Q

What is the ring of circularly arranged muscles around the lips that prevent drooling?

A

Orbicularis oris

54
Q

What are the gumes called?

A

Gingivae

55
Q

What are the three major pairs of salivary glands and where are they loacted?

A

Parotid- near ears
Submandibular- below jaw
Sublingual - below tongue

56
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasal, Oro, Laryngo

57
Q

What does the pharynx continue as inferiorly?

A

oesophagus

58
Q

What are the group of tonsils at the back of the oral cavity referred to?

A

Waldeyer’s ring of tonsils

59
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum and ileum

60
Q

What are the two muscle layers of the GI tract?

A

Outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle, inner circular layer of smooth muscle

61
Q

What is the space in the abdominal cavity posterior to peritoneum?

A

retroperitoneum

62
Q

What are the organs of the foregut?

A

Oesophagus to mid- duodenum and liver, gallbladder, spleen and half of pancreas

63
Q

What are the organs of the midgut?

A

Mid- duodenum to proximal 2/3rds of transverse colon plus half pancreas

64
Q

What are the organs of the hindgut?

A

Distal 1/3 of tranvers colon to proximal 1/2 of anal canal

65
Q

Where do the major vessels aorta and IVC pass through?

A

Retroperitoneum and diaphragm

66
Q

How do you expose the retroperitoneal organs?

A

remove the liver, stomach, pancreas and most of intestines

67
Q

What are the 3 anterior midline branches of AA and what does each supply?

A

Coeliac trunk (foregut organs)
Superior mesenteric artery (midgut organs)
Inferior mesenteric artery
(hindgut organs)

68
Q

What drains blood from the foregut, midgut and hind gut to the liver?

A

Hepatic Portal vein

69
Q

What drain blood from the foregut and where does it go to?

A

Splenic vein, hepatic portal vein

70
Q

What drains blood from the hindgut and where to?

A

inferior mesenteric vein to splenic vein

71
Q

What drains blood from the midgut and where to?

A

superior mesenteric vein to the hepatic portal vein

72
Q

What are the two venous systems and where do the meet?

A

Portal venous
Systemic
liver

73
Q

What are the nine abdominal regions?

A

right hypochondrium, epigastric, left hypocondrium
right lumbar region, umbilical, left lumbar region
right inguinal region, pubic, left inguinal region

74
Q

What are the main sphincters of GI tract and where are they located?

A

Cricopharyngeal (between pharynx and oesophagus)
Pyloric (stomach and duodenum)
External anal

75
Q

What kind of muscle is the pyloric sphincter made of?

A

Smooth

76
Q

What makes up the sternum?

A

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

77
Q

What are the main 4 muscles of breathing?

A

External, interal, innermost intercostal, diaphragm

78
Q

What drains the posterior part of the intercostal spaces?

A

Azygous vein

79
Q

What supplies the posterior part of intercostal spaces?

A

Thoracic aorta

80
Q

What supplies the pairs of 11 intercostal spaces?

A

bilateral posterior intercostal arteris from thoracic aorta

81
Q

What nerve supplies the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic (C3,4 and 5)

82
Q

Where can you palpate the trachea?

A

Jugular notch superiorto manubrium

83
Q

What does the cephalic vein run in ?

A

Delto-pecotral groove

84
Q

What are the abdominal muscle called?

A

Rectus abdomins

85
Q

What are the three muscles on the lateral wall that guard the abdomen?

A

External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdomins

86
Q

How do the greater and lesser sac of the peritoneum communicate?

A

Omental foramen

87
Q

Where does the portal triad lie?

A

Free edge of the lesser omentum

88
Q

When draining ascites where must the needle be placed?

A

Lateral to rectus sheath

89
Q

Where does breakdown of red blood cells occur?

A

Spleen

90
Q

where is bile formed

A

Liver

91
Q

How does bile get to duodenum?

A

Biliary tree

92
Q

What is involved in storage of bile?

A

Gall bladder

93
Q

What makes up the portal triad?

A

Hepatic Artery, Hepatic Portal Vein, Common Bile Duct

94
Q

What does the celiac trunk trifurcate into?

A

Splenic, hepatic and left gastric arteries

95
Q

What supplies the stomach with blood?

A

Right and left gastric arteries along lesser curvature

right and left gastro-omental along greater curvature

96
Q

What are the 4 anatomical segments of the liver?

A

Right Lobe, Left Lobe, Caudate lobe, quadrate lobe

97
Q

How is blood drained from liver?

A

Via 3 main hepatic veins into IVC

98
Q

What is the venous drainage of the liver?

A 
splenic vein (foregut) to hepatic portal vein, inferior mesenteric (hind gut) to splenic vein, superior mesenteric ( midgut) to hepatic portal vein- liver
IVC
99
Q

How does bile get in and out of gallbladder?

A

cystic duct

100
Q

What is the blood supply to the gallbladder?

A

Cystic artery and right hepatic artery

101
Q

What does the bile duct join to form?

A

Main pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of vater that then drains into the duodenum

102
Q

What does the ampulla of vater pass through to drain into duodenum and what is the sphincter?

A

major duodenal papila, sphincter of oddi

103
Q

What does the hepatic duct drain into?

A

cystic duct (to gall bladder), Bile duct

104
Q

Where does lymph drain into?

A

Thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct

RSNOTES (53 decks)

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