sports studies anatomy Flashcards
articulating bones at the shoulder
humerus, scapula
articulating bones at the elbow
humerus radius ulna
articulating bones at the wrist
radius ulna carpals
articulating bones at the hip
pelvis femur
articulating bones at the knee
tibia and femur
articulating bones at ankle
talus tibia and fibula
what are functions of the skeleton
- shape and support 2.protection 3.mineral store 4.blood cell production 5. movement
describe shape and support function
shapes framework of the body
describe protection funcition
protects vital organs
describe mineral store function
calcium,posphorus,magnesium are distribted into the bloodtsream to help strengthen bones
describe blood cell production function
red and white blood cells and platelets are producted in bones marrow in long bones primarly
describe movement function
provides muscular atachment, levers and pivots
what are the 5 types of bones
short, long, flat, irregular, sesamoid
function and example of a short bone
tarsals and carpals, weight bearing
function and example of a long bone
femur - acts as a lever for movment and blood cell production
function and example of a flat bone
sternum- provide protection and muscular attachment
function and example of a ireegular bone
verterbrae- provides protection
function and example of a sesamoid bone
patella- ease joint movment and resist compression
what is the structure of a long bone
centre - diaphysis
two ends- epiphysis - covered by articular cartilage which prevents friction and absorbs shock
Which joints do the following muscles act on?
Iliopsoas Latissimus dorsi
- Hip
- Shoulder
State one enzyme that is active when each of the following energy systems is in use.
ATP-PC (Phosphocreatine) system .
Aerobic system
- (ATP-PC/Phosphocreatine system): creatine kinase
(Aerobic system): ATPase / glycogen phosphorylase / GPP / GP /
phosphofructokinase / PFK / lipase
Describe the terms ‘active’ and ‘passive’ in reference to the assessment of sporting injuries using
SALTAPS.
- (active) ask performer to move injured body part (without assistance)
(passive) someone else OR first-aider moves injured body part
(through full range of motion
Outline what is meant by the term ‘exercise-induced muscle damage’. Describe a sporting situation
that may cause exercise-induced muscle damage.
Exercise-induced muscle damage .
- Microscopic tears in muscle OR delayed onset of muscle soreness
- eccentric muscle contractions e.g. downhill running / plyometrics
Give a practical example of each of the following planes of movement. Saggital and transverse
(sagittal) somersault
(transverse) pirouette
analyse the movement at the elbow during the upward phase of the
press-up
Movement, Agonist, Type of contraction, Antagonist
Extension Triceps brachii Concentric Biceps
brachii
Describe four mechanisms of venous return that maintain blood flow back to the heart.
- (Pocket) valves – (one-way valves) that prevent backflow of blood
- Muscle/ skeletal pump - skeletal muscles contract squeezing veins
- Smooth muscle - in walls of veins contracts / venoconstriction
- Respiratory pump - pressure differences in thoracic to abdominal cavity
during breathing - Gravity helps blood from above heart return to heart
Explain why the minute ventilation of the trained individual is lower at rest than that of the
untrained individual.
- More efficient gas exchange at alveoli / saturation of haemoglobin
- More efficient transport of oxygen
OR greater number / density of RBCs - More efficient use of oxygen at muscles
OR better able to meet demands for oxygen OR more myoglobin /
mitochondria OR higher aerobic capacity
Tidal volume changes during exercise and recovery. Describe the role of proprioceptors
in the control of these changes
(during exercise)
1. proprioceptors detect motor activity / movement (in joints/muscles)
2. send messages to respiratory control centre / RCC / inspiratory centre
3. increased stimulation of diaphragm / respiratory muscles
<br></br>(during recovery)
4. proprioceptors detect that movement has stopped / reduced
5. reduced stimulation of diaphragm / external intercostals / respiratory
muscles
Explain the term ‘excess post-exercise oxygen consumption’ (EPOC).
- (additional) volume of oxygen needed to return body to pre-exercise
state - alactacid and lactacid OR fast and slow debt components
- aerobic energy production during recovery
- (oxygen used to) break down of lactic acid / replenishment of oxymyoglobin
- (aerobic energy used to) resynthesise ATP / replenish muscle
phosphagen or PC
Describe intermittent hypoxic training. Identify one benefit and one risk associated with its use.
- Interval training
- under conditions of low oxygen
- (benefit) increased RBCs/ haemoglobin volume OR increased oxygencarrying capacity of blood OR increased number/ density of
mitochondria OR increased buffering capacity OR increased aerobic
capacity/ VO2 max - (risk) disruption to training OR decreased immune system OR
increased risk of infection OR dehydration OR benefits are lost quickly
Explain how age and gender may account for differences in VO2 max in the two performers.
- (age) from early 20s onwards VO2 max decreases
OR A may be younger (than B) - Due to reduced elasticity in heart / blood vessels / lungs
OR reduced efficiency in inspiring / transporting oxygen - (gender) females tend to have lower VO2 max
OR B may be female - Due to lower muscle mass / higher percentage body fat / smaller lung
volumes / lower stroke volume / cardiac output
OR lower haemoglobin levels
Outline the timing and the main objectives of the preparatory and transition phases of training.
You must apply your knowledge to a sport of your choice
- (Preparatory phase) 6 – 12 weeks before start of competition season /
e.g. July/August for hockey pre-season - (objective) general conditioning / aerobic / strength / mobility training
(all sports) - (objective) sport-specific training / e.g. basketball skills and drills
- (Transition) 4 – 6 weeks after end of season / e.g. June for hockey
transition season - (objective) active rest / recovery / recuperation / variance (all sports)
- (objective) low-intensity / aerobic work / non-specific activities, e.g.
footballer does cycling / swimming activities
Explain two extrinsic risk factors that may cause injury in sport or physical exercise.
Use practical examples to support your answer
- Poor coaching / poor technique / poor biomechanical / postural training
- e.g. poor tackling technique in rugby OR poor lifting technique in gym
- Incorrect equipment / clothing / footwear
- e.g. use of tennis racquet that is too heavy OR cricket helmet does not
fit correctly impairing vision - Inappropriate overload / overtraining / lack of variance
- e.g. overuse injuries such as tennis elbow / tendonitis / shin splints
when running
Identify three factors that affect the stability of a gymnast.
- Height of centre of mass
- Size of base / area of support
- Position of line of gravity
A footballer is practising free kicks. After contact, one football travels in a straight line and
another swerves during flight.
Explain the effect of the application of force on the resulting motion of each football in flight.
- Ball travelling in straight line has linear motion
- (application of) a direct force / through CoM
- Swerving ball has angular motion
- (application of) an eccentric force / torque / not through CoM
An ice skater spins about their longitudinal axis by generating angular momentum.
Use the angular analogue of Newton’s 1st law of motion to explain how the skater can
increase their rate of spin
. Skater brings arms or legs in (close to longitudinal axis of rotation)
2. Reducing moment of inertia
3. Increasing angular velocity
4. Principle of conservation of angular momentum
5. AM = MI x AV
Explain how a ski jumper can apply Bernoulli’s principle to maximise the distance travelled
through the air
- Ski jumper adopts an aerofoil shape
- Creates an angle of attack / angle of 17°
- Air travels further over top of ski jumper
- Air travels faster / at higher velocity over top of ski jumper
- Lower pressure above the ski jumper or creates a pressure gradient
- Air moves from area of high to low pressure
- Lift force created
Explosive strength and aerobic capacity are fitness components that are used during team games.
Describe a situation in a team game when each component will be used
- (explosive strength) rugby player sprinting down the wing
- (aerobic capacity) to jog around in defence in football tracking the ball/
last full 90 minutes of football match without tiring
Exothermic: ATP
Endothermic: ATP
- (exothermic) ATP —-> ADP + P + energy
- (endothermic) energy + ADP + P —–> ATP
Describe linear motion and angular motion.
- (linear) movement of a body in a (straight or curved) line and all parts
move the same distance, in the same direction, in the same time - (angular) movement of a body (or part of a body) in a circular path
about an axis of rotation
State the metric units of measurement for displacement and acceleration.
- (displacement) m / metres
- (acceleration) metres/sec/sec OR ms-2 OR m/s2
Define the term ‘stroke volume’ and give a typical resting value for a trained individual
- (SV definition) volume / amount of blood pumped out of heart /
ventricles / left ventricle per beat - (value) (any value within the range) 80 – 120ml
Elbow in pull up:
Phase of movement, Joint movement, Agonist, Type of contraction
Downward- Extension Biceps brachii Eccentric
Upward -Flexion, Bicep brachii, Concentric
Describe the glycolytic (lactic acid) system
- Anaerobic / without oxygen
- Breakdown of glycogen / glucose to pyruvic acid / pyruvate
- Pyruvic acid / pyruvate is converted to lactic acid / lactate
- Enzyme GPP/glycogen phosphorylase / PFK / phosphofructokinase /
LDH / lactate dehydrogenase - (net gain of) 2 ATP produced / 1:2 energy yield
- Sarcoplasm / cytoplasm of a muscle cell
Evaluate the efficiency of the glycolytic (lactic acid) system in comparison to other energy systems
- (.cf PC) Produces more ATP / energy / work at a lower intensity /
longer duration than ATP-PC system - (.cf O2) Produces less ATP / energy / work at a higher intensity /
shorter duration than aerobic system - LA produced which inhibits performance / denatures enzymes
OR no by-products from ATP-PC
OR no inhibiting by-products from aerobic system
Explain why heart and respiratory rates remain above resting levels during the slow
component of EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption).
. Lactacid (debt) component
2. Extra / additional oxygen needed
3. Removal of lactic acid / CO2
4. Transported in the blood / exhaled from the lungs
5. Aerobic respiration / energy system used (to aid recovery)
6. (Approx) 5 – 8 litres of oxygen used
Describe the short-term effects of performing at high altitude on the cardiovascular and
respiratory systems.
(Cardiovascular) (Sub-max 3)
1. Increase in heart rate
2. Decrease in stroke volume
3. Decrease in maximal cardiac output / heart rate
4. Decrease in blood / plasma volume
5. Reduced haemoglobin saturation (with oxygen)
6. Decrease in O2 transport to muscle
7. Decrease in diffusion gradient <br></br> (Respiratory) (Sub-max 3)
8. Increase in tidal volume / depth
9. Increase in breathing rate / frequency
10.Decrease in ppO2 in inspired air
11.Decrease in oxygen diffusion / diffusion gradient from alveoli to
(capillary) blood / lungs
Explain the benefits and possible drawbacks of the following nutritional ergogenic aids to improve performance. caffeine and hydration
(Hydration) (Sub-max 3)
1. (+ve) prevent dehydration / fluid loss OR maintain low / correct blood
viscosity / improved cognitive function OR prevent headaches (or eq.)
associated with dehydration
2. (+ve) prevent overheating / maintain correct body temperature
3. (-ve) reduced / low levels of sodium / salt / electrolytes / EAH /
(exercise-associated) hyponatraemia
4. (-ve) nausea / vomiting / headache / muscle weakness / cramp /
stomach discomfort
(Caffeine) (Sub-max 3)
5. (+ve) increased fat breakdown OR preserved glycogen stores /
glycogen sparing
6. (+ve) increased nerve stimulation OR increased focus / concentration /
improved reaction time
7. (-ve) diuretic / dehydration / increased urine production
8. (-ve) insomnia / anxiety / gastrointestinal / digestive problems / high
blood pressure / heart rate related complications
Describe the use of direct gas analysis as a method of evaluating aerobic capacity
Four marks from:
1. Performer cycles / runs on treadmill / performs continuous exercise
2. Progressive / increasing intensity
3. To exhaustion OR maximal test
4. Mask is worn to collect expired air
5. Expired air is analysed
6. (Relative) concentrations of O2 and CO2 are measured
7. (expired air) is compared to atmospheric / inhaled air
<br></br>One mark for:
8. Maximum volume of oxygen consumed per minute
9. VO2max is the accepted / accurate measure
10.VO2max presented on a graph / usage is compared to intensity (using
graph) to give VO2max (AO3)
Explain the impact of regular exercise on the lifestyle diseases of coronary heart disease
(CHD) and asthma
(CHD – sub-max 3)
1. Reduces cholesterol / LDL / (blood) lipids / fats
2. Prevents atherosclerosis / build up of fatty deposits / plaque on artery
walls / atheroma
3. Prevents arteriosclerosis / hardening / loss of elasticity of artery walls
4. Decreases blood viscosity / resistance to flow / blood pressure
OR less strain on heart
5. cardiac hypertrophy / increase size / strength of cardiac muscle
OR cardiac efficiency OR decrease resting HR OR increase SV
6. Reduces risk of heart attacks / strokes (or equiv)
(asthma – sub-max 3)
7. Increases strength of respiratory muscles
8. Maintain full use / elasticity of lung tissue
9. Increases surface area of alveoli / efficiency of gas exchange
10.Increase in pulmonary capillaries
11.Reduces risk of chest / respiratory infections
During a netball match, a player suffers an ankle injury. The coach assesses the injury using
‘SALTAPS’ and suspects a sprained ankle.
Describe the treatment the coach should apply to manage this injury.
- Protect the ankle by use bandages / splints / crutches / moving away
from play OR from further damage - Rest the ankle by not applying weight / standing OR to allow healing
- Ice the ankle by applying cold therapy or eq. OR to reduce swelling /
inflammation / pain - Compression of ankle using tape / bandage OR to reduce swelling
- Elevate the ankle above heart level OR to reduce blood flow
- Anti-inflammatories / pain meds / NSAIDs
- Refer to hospital if concerned about severity OR if symptoms get worse
- Be aware of the possibility of a fracture / broken bone
Describe the factors, other than mass, that impact on the air resistance of a ball in flight.
Four marks for:
1. (Velocity) as velocity increases AR increases
2. (Shape) the more aerodynamic / streamlined the lower the AR
3. (Frontal X-sectional area) the greater the frontal cross-sectional area
the higher the AR
4. (Surface) the smoother the surface the lower the AR
5. (Spin) (direction of) spin affects AR
Explain the following terms, using a practical example for each:
Balanced force and Unbalanced force
Four marks for:
(balanced force)
1. Two or more forces acting are equal in size and opposite in direction
OR Net force = 0 OR W = R / AR = F
OR no change in motion / stationary / constant velocity
2. E.g. rugby scrum / tug-of-war where there is no movement OR e.g.
runner at constant velocity
(Unbalanced force)
3. Two or more forces are not equal in size OR net force is present OR
change in state of motion / acceleration / deceleration
4. E.g. tennis serve
Define the term ‘angular velocity’. Give an equation for its calculation and state the units it is
measured in.
<br></br>Definition ……………… Equation ………………
Units ……………….
- (Definition) Rate of change in angular displacement OR rate / speed of
rotation - (equation) Angular displacement ÷ time OR angular velocity = angular
momentum / moment of inertia - (Units) radians per second OR rad/s OR rads-
When a right-handed golfer hooks a shot, the ball deviates to the left.
Explain how the golfer creates a hook shot and its effect on the flight path of the ball.
- Applies an off-centre / eccentric force / torque / moment
- Causes side spin
- Air flows faster / higher velocity on left side of ball
- Creating lower pressure on left side
- Air flows from a high to low pressure / pressure gradient
- Causing magnus effect / magnus force
Identify two effects which exercise in the heat can have on the cardiovascular system
Two marks from:
1. Increased heart rate/ cardiovascular drift
2. (vaso)dilation of arteries/arterioles to skin or increased blood flow to skin
3. decreased blood volume/cardiac output or increased blood viscosity or reduced
plasma volume
4. decreased stroke volume
5. decreased venous return
6. reduced oxygen/oxygenated blood to muscles
Flexibility can be evaluated using the sit and reach test or by using a goniometer. Make two
comparisons between these methods of evaluating flexibility
Goniometry 1. sit and reach<br></br>(Equipment) (360o
) protractor uses box/bench and ruler<br></br> (Method) measure joint angle/ degree Measures distance of reach/ cms s
<br></br>3. (Where) any joint/ planes of
movement back/hamstring/leg/hip flexibility <br></br>4. (Assistance) Requires assistance Can be performed on own <br></br> (Validity) Goniometers more sport-specific/ accurate/ preferred/ require
more training
6. <br></br> (Cost/time) Both methods are cheap/quic
Identify the predominant energy system used in an elite level performance for the following
activities:<br></br> 100m freestyle swim completed in 50 seconds <br></br> Gymnastics vault
Two marks from:
1. (100m swim) lactic acid system/ glycolytic system/ anaerobic glycolysis
2. (gym vault) ATP-PC/ PC system/ alactic system
Give a sporting example for the following classes of lever:<br></br> Second class<br></br> Third class
- (second class) e.g. calf raise or take-off phase of high jump at ankle
<br></br>2. (third class) e.g. bicep curl or knee extension when kicking a ball
Identify a technology that is used in performance analysis to:
<br></br>improve streamlining of an object<br></br> evaluate human movement in three dimensions
- wind tunnels
- limb kinematics
Explain how a motor unit is stimulated to cause muscular contraction
Three marks from: <br></br> 1. (Nerve) impulse/stimulus (from brain/spinal cord/CNS) travels down the
axon/motor neuron
2. Action potential
3. Release of sodium/NA+ (ions) causes depolarisation
4. (at neuromuscular junction) neurotransmitter/acetylcholine/ACh is
secreted/transmits impulse
5. impulse crosses synaptic cleft/gap to muscle fibres/motor unit/motor end plate
6. If the impulse/stimulus/charge/action potential is above threshold
7. all muscle fibres in motor unit will contract (or not at all) or ‘all or none’ law applies
Joint - knee and ankle in upward phase of a calf raise<br></br>Joint type<br></br> Movement
produced <br></br>Agonist<br></br> Type of
contraction
<br></br>
knee ankle<br></br>Joint type - hinge and hinge<br></br> Movement produced - extension or no change in movement and plntar flexion<br></br>Agonist - Rectus femoris and gastrocnemius/soleus<br></br> Type of contraction - – isometric/static or concentric (only if extension stated in A) and concentric
Describe the predominant energy system which resynthesises ATP while performing the
long jump in athletics.
Five marks from:
1. ATP-PC or alactic or PC system
2. PC breakdown releases energy or high energy bond is broken
or PC P + C + energy
3. Energy used to resynthesize ATP/ energy + ADP + P ATP
4. Using coupled reaction/ exothermic and endothermic reactions
5. (reaction) anaerobic/without oxygen
6. (enzyme) creatine kinase
7. (site) sarcoplasm or cytoplasm of muscle cell
8. (yield) 1 ATP per PC/ 1:1 energy yield
Evaluate the effectiveness of predominant energy system to resynthesise ATP
Three marks from:
1. Quick or simple reactions or PC breaks down easily or fast ATP resynthesis
2. Provides energy for high-intensity activities/speed/power/explosive strength 3. No delay to wait for oxygen
4. No fatiguing by-products
5. Quick/fast muscle phosphagen/PC recovery or only 30s for 50%/ 2-3min for full
recovery
6. limited stores of PC or stores are exhausted quickly or only lasts 8-10 seconds
7. Only 1ATP per PC or low yield or inefficient
Explain why a knowledge of Excess Post exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC) is beneficial
to an 800 metre runner when planning a training session.
Four marks from:<br></br> 1. EPOC restores PC/phosphagen/ATP/oxy-myoglobin and removes lactic acid
2. Warm up to reduce oxygen deficit/increase blood flow/oxygen to muscles/delay
OBLA
3. Cool down/active recovery to speed up removal of lactic acid/maintain elevated
respiration/circulatory rates/maintain blood flow
4. (Reduce EPOC by) monitoring intensity of training to delay OBLA
5. Include breaks to allow 30s 50%/2-3mins (full) PC restoration
or work:relief ratio of 1:3+/ full recovery when training ATP-PC system/during
speed/sprint work
6. Active recovery between intervals/work:relief ratio of 1:2/partial recovery when
training lactic acid/glycolytic system
7. Use of cooling aids/ice baths to speed up recovery/reduce EPOC
Outline the physiological implications of a warm up that would be beneficial to a games
player before a match.
Four marks from:
1. Increase HR/SV/Q to increase O2/blood flow/ reduce O2 deficit
2. Vascular shunt/vasodilation to increase blood flow to muscles
4
(AO1)
Do not accept: prevent
injury 3. Increase RR/TV/VE to increase volume of O2 in lungs/ for gaseous exchange
4. Increase elasticity of muscles/connective tissue to reduce risk of injury/ DOMS/ increase
speed/force of contraction
5. Activate neural pathways/ speed up nerve transmission
6. Increase enzyme activity
7. Improve recruitment/synchronisation of motor units
8. Improved O2 utilisation/ haemoglobin release O2 more easily
Critically evaluate the use of cooling aids as a means of performance enhancement
Four marks from:
(positives - sub-max 3)
1. Reduce (core body) temperature/sweating/ delay overheating/ prevent dehydration/ early
fatigue in hot environments/ heat stroke
2. Reduce thermal strain
3. Reduce cardiovascular drift
4. Causes vasoconstriction to reduce blood flow
5. Treat injuries to reduce pain/swelling/inflammation
6. (after use) vasodilation/increases blood flow to aid healing/repair/removal of LA/speed
recovery/reduce DOMS
<br></br>(negatives – sub-max 3)
7. Hard to perceive exercise intensity/can lead to over-exertion
8. Can mask/complicate injuries
9. Can cause (ice) burns or nerve/tissue damage
10. Can be dangerous for performers with heart conditions/angina/chest pain
Define static and dynamic flexibility. <br></br> Use practical examples to show how each type of flexibility can be beneficial to performance.<br></br> Static flexibility: <br></br> Example:
<br></br>Dynamic flexibility: <br></br> Example:
Four marks from:
1. (static) ROM about a joint without movement
2. (e.g.) to be able to do the splits/ to perform the splits well/ gymnast will gain more marks if
able to fully perform splits
3. (dynamic) ROM about a joint with reference to speed of movement
4. (e.g.) to be able to reach for an interception in netball/ kick boxer performing a high kick to
head well/ goalkeeper can reach further
Explain the use of PRICE to manage a hamstring strain in a triple jumper
- Protect injury <br></br>To prevent further damage
Or by not attempting to run/walk/stretch injury off or
support/carry athlete from jumping area
<br></br>2. Rest injury To allow sufficient time to repair/recover
Or prevent from having any further jumps/ remove from
event<br></br> 3. Ice injury To reduce swelling/inflammation/pain
Or vasoconstrict/reduce blood flow (to the hamstring)
<br></br>4. Compress injury To reduce swelling/inflammation/blood pooling
Or use pressure/tape/bandage to reduce blood flow (to the
hamstring)
<br></br>5. Elevate injury To reduce blood flow (to the hamstring)
Or raise the leg above heart level
Explain how the following adaptations from training help to delay the onset of blood lactate
accumulation (OBLA).
Increased enzyme activity ………………..
Increased mitochondrial density<br></br> Increased buffering capacity
- (enzyme) increases efficiency of ATP-PC system/aerobic system or delays ATP-PC
threshold - (mitochondria) increased use of oxygen/aerobic energy production/aerobic respiration
- (buffering) increased tolerance to lactic acid or reduce effects of lactic acid or prevents the
decrease in pH
A gymnast performs a handstand as part of their routine.
Identify the vertical forces acting on the gymnast and explain their relationship during the
handstand
Three marks for:
1. (identify) weight and reaction (force)/ W and R (forces)
2. (handstand) W = R
3. (Forces) Forces are equal (in size) and opposite (in direction)
or net force = 0 or forces are balanced or forces cancel each other ou
A trampolinist performs a front somersault by creating angular motion.
(i) Define angular motion and explain how it is generated to produce a somersault.
Two marks for:
1. movement of a body/part of body (in a circular path) about an axis of rotation or
rotation of a body around an axis
2. force applied outside CoM/axis of rotation or eccentric force/torque/moment/offcentre force
Describe the factors that affect the size of moment of inertia of the trampolinist during the
front somersault.
- mass
- distance/distribution of mass from axis of rotation/centre of mass
In the shot put event the shot becomes a projectile when it is thrown into the air.
(i) Explain three factors that affect the horizontal distance travelled by the shot in flight
Three marks for:
1. (speed of release) greater speed/velocity/acceleration/force the greater the distance
or the greater the change in momentum the greater distance
2. (angle of release) (just) less than 45 o optimal angle
3. (height of release) greater the release height the greater the distance travelled
or release height is greater than landing height
Explain the shape of the flight path of the shot when the shot put becomes projectile
Three marks for:<br></br> 1. (nearly) parabolic/symmetrical flight path
2. weight is dominant force (as mass is high)/ W>AR
3. air resistance is negligible/low (as speed is low)
1 Define what is meant by ‘acclimatisation to high altitude’ and state one sporting activity in which
performers would benefit from it.
- Adaptation/ get used to a change of environment/ lower O2 levels
- Marathon/ 5000m/ 10,000m runner/ triathlete/ endurance cyclist/ field games e.g. football/
endurance athlete
Explain why ATP plays a major role in the performance of a smash in badminton.
- (Duration) ATP breakdown provides energy for immediate need/ up to 2 seconds/ release
energy quickly - (Intensity) ATP breakdown provides energy for explosive/ powerful/ (very) high intensity
Identify two types of spin and the effect of each on a table tennis ball in flight.
- Top spin causes ball to dip/ comes down more quickly/ shorter flight path
- Back spin causes ball to float/ travel further/ longer flight path
- Side spin causes ball to swerve/ bend/ deviate to left or right/ hook/ slice
Compare explosive strength and strength endurance
Explosive strength Strength endurance <br></br>-Fast speed of/ elastic contraction slow speed of contraction<br></br> 2. One/ short series of contraction/movements Repeated/ sustained contractions/ movements over a period of time/ withstand fatigue<br></br>3. Maximal force or type 2b/ FTG fibres Submaximal force or type 2a/ FOG fibres 4.<br></br> E.g. sprinting/ jumping/ throwing E.g. rowing/ swimming
Describe how limb kinematics can be used to enhance performance in sport.
Two marks from: 1. (technology) Video/ motion/ 3D analysis of a sporting action/ movement/ skill/ technique 2. (assessment) Assesses gait/ movement efficiency/ velocity/ acceleration/ joint angles 3. (technique) (Identifies small changes) to improve technique 4. (injury) Helps prevent (repetitive strain/joint) injuries
Complete the table below to analyse the position of the right wrist.<br></br>Joint type<br></br> Articulating
bones
<br></br>Plane of
movement<br></br> Movement - (hyper)
extension<br></br> Agonist<br></br> Antagonist .
Joint type - Condyloid
/
Ellipsoidal<br></br> Articulating bones - Radius, ulna
and carpals <br></br>Plane of movement - Sagittal<br></br> Movement - (hyper) extension<br></br> Agonist - Wrist extensors <br></br> Antagonist - Wrist flexors
Explain what the energy continuum is and justify the position of one sporting activity on the
energy continuum.
Four marks for:<br></br> 1. Relative contribution of each energy system (during an activity)
2. Dependent on intensity and duration (of the activity)
3. E.g. Marathon predominantly aerobic or high jump predominantly anaerobic/ ATP-PC
system or football 50:50 or hockey player uses all 3 systems
4. (Justification) e.g. 100m sprinter very high intensity or e.g. marathon runner low-mod
intensity or e.g. football has elements of high intensity/ sprinting for ball and low intensity/
jogging into position for corner
At the start of an endurance cycling event a cyclist will experience a redistribution of cardiac
output.
Explain how and why the vascular shunt mechanism redistributes blood in a cyclist as they
begin cycling at the start of the event.
Five marks from:
Sub max 4 marks from HOW:
(how)
1. Using vasomotor control/ VCC
2. (Vaso)dilation of arterioles leading to working/ leg/ lower body muscles
3. Opening/ dilation of pre-capillary sphincters to working/ leg/ lower body muscles
4. (Vaso)constriction of arterioles to (non-essential) organs/ muscles of upper body
5. Closing/ constriction of pre-capillary sphincters to (non-essential) organs/ upper body
muscles
<br></br>(why)
6. working/ leg/ lower body muscles need most/more oxygen/ (oxygenated) blood
7. muscles of upper body need less oxygen/ blood
8. less oxygen/ blood needed at organs/ (non-essential) organs can cope with a
(temporary) reduction in blood
Describe the mechanics of breathing which cause inspiration at rest.
Three marks from:
1. External intercostals contract and diaphragm contracts/ flattens
2. upward and outward movement of the rib cage/ sternum
3. This increases the volume of the thoracic/ chest cavity/ space in the lungs
4. Causing a reduction in pressure in the lungs (compared to outside lungs)
5. Gases/ air moves from an area of high to low pressure
Explain why a trained athlete will have a lower minute ventilation at rest than an untrained
individual, despite having identical tidal volumes
Two marks from:
<br></br>1. (efficiency) More efficient O2 utilisation/ gaseous exchange/ diffusion/ oxygen
transportation
2. (adaptations) higher RBC/ Hb volume/ capillarisation/ higher mitochondrial density/
increased surface area of alveoli
3. Fewer breaths taken per minute or lower breathing frequency
Blood doping is an illegal physiological aid used by some athletes to enhance performance.
Outline how blood doping is carried out, and give one physiological benefit and one risk
involved.
Three marks for:<br></br> 1. (how) blood is removed from athlete, (stored) and re-injected into the athlete (4 weeks
later)
2. (benefit) increased RBC/ haemoglobin/ oxygen transport/ aerobic capacity/ lactic acid
removal or increased duration/ intensity of exercise or delays fatigue/ OBLA
3. (risk) infections/ hepatitis/ HIV or increased blood viscosity/ blood pressure or decreased
cardiac output or blood clots or heart failure/ attack or stroke
A dislocated shoulder in rugby is an example of an acute sporting injury. <br></br> (i) Compare acute and chronic injuries.
Acute injuries<br></br>1. Sudden/ develop quickly<br></br>2. Caused by a knock/ impact/ collision/ fall/ trauma<br></br> Chronic injuries <br></br> Develop slowly/ over a period of time <br></br>Caused by overuse/ incorrect technique/
repetitive strain/ sudden increase in training/
reduced recovery/ poor ROM/ lack of warm-up
Apart from dislocation, give a sporting example of an acute injury and a chronic injury
Acute injury <br></br>E.g. fractured leg from high tackle in football<br></br>Chronic injury
<br></br>1. E.g. shin splints from too much running on
hard surface
<br></br>E.g. tennis elbow/ golfer’s elbow
Outline the correct medical treatment a sports coach should apply to a dislocation injury
Three marks from:
<br></br>1. Call for medical attention/ ambulance/ doctor/ first aider/ hospital/ surgery
2. Immobilise/ keep still/ protect/ support/ rest joint
3. Do not attempt to manipulate/ relocate bones
4. Ice to reduce swelling/ relieve pain
5. Pain medication/ anti-inflammatories
Describe the factors affecting flexibility that enable the gymnast to perform the splits
Three marks from:<br></br> 1. (joint) Ball and socket joint at hip (allows abduction/ splits/ large ROM)
2. (tissues) Greater length/ elasticity of connective tissue/ muscles/ tendons/ ligaments at hip
(allowing splits/ larger ROM)
3. (training) Flexibility/ mobility training increases the flexibility/ abduction/ ROM at hip
4. (temp.) Warm-up used/ increased temperature of tissues (at hip joint to allow splits)
5. (hormone) More oestrogen/ relaxin content (in muscles/ connective tissue at hip) increases
flexibility
6. (Age) Younger gymnasts have greater ROM/ flexibility (at hip joint to allow splits)
Describe two adaptations from training that have enhanced this gymnast’s flexibility by
increasing the range of motion at the hip joint.
Two marks from:
<br></br>1. Increased resting length of muscle/ connective tissue
2. Increased elasticity of muscle/ connective tissue
3. Muscle spindles adapt to new length of muscle
4. Delayed/ reduced/ inhibition of stretch reflex
Describe a high intensity interval training (HIIT) session to improve aerobic capacity, and give
two reasons why HIIT is considered more effective than continuous training.
Sub max 4 <br></br>for description of HIIT<br></br> 1. Periods of high intensity work and recovery/ rest periods/ intervals
2. (duration) 20-60 minutes for full session
3. (type) cross-training/ cycling/ running/ boxing/ jumping/ swimming/ star jumps/ burpees
etc./ resistance work
4. Work intensity 80-95% of max HR/ 70-90% VO2max 5. Work duration 5 seconds to 8 minutes 6. 4-10 sets/ 10+ reps 7. Recovery intensity lower or 40-50% of max HR 8. Work:relief ratio/ recovery duration = 1:0.5/ 2:1/ 1:1/ work times twice as long or equal to recovery time<br></br>Sub max 2 for greater effectiveness than continuous training<br></br> 9. Higher calorie consumption/ greater fat burning
10. Faster/ more adaptations to training (than continuous)
11. (intensity) Performers can train at a higher intensity for longer
12. (duration) Training time/ duration shorter/ quicker sessions (for similar gains)
13. Individuals with different fitness levels can train together in group/ class session
Define Newton’s third law of motion and apply it to a sporting example of your choice.
Three marks for:
1. (Definition N3) For every action/ force (applied to a body) there is an equal and opposite
reaction (force)
2. (Action) E.g. a shot putter applies a force to a shot
3. (Reaction) E.g. the shot applies an equal/ same and opposite reaction/ force to the shot
putter
Using practical examples, explain how the elbow joint can act as a fulcrum for two
different lever systems
Four marks for:
1. First class lever (for extension) e.g. triceps extensions/ throwing an object/ tennis serve
2. First class lever fulcrum in the middle/ EFL/ LFE/ appropriate diagram
3. Third class lever (for flexion) e.g. biceps curls (up or downward phase)/ bowls
4. Third class lever effort in the middle/ FEL/ LEF/ appropriate diagram
Explain, using the angular analogue of Newton’s first law of motion, the concept of
conservation of angular momentum
- A body will continue (to rotate/ turn about its axis of rotation) with constant angular
momentum…. - ….unless acted on by an eccentric/ off-centre force/ torque/ moment of force/ moment
- Angular momentum = moment of inertia x angular velocity/ AM = MI x AV/ω
- (Once in flight) any change in MI will cause a change in AV to conserve angular
momentum/ e.g. if a diver tucks, MI is reduced so AV increases
(which means) angular momentum is a conserved through/ during flight - (shape) Performer can manipulate body shape/ position to change MI and AV as AM
remains constant
where are fiborous(immoveable) joints found in the body
craium,coccyx,sacrum<br></br>- held together by white collagen fibres
where are cartilaginous( slightly moveable) joints found in the body
the intervertebral discs and the fibrocartilage between vertbrae <br></br>- seperated by some intervening substance
where are synovial (freely moveable) joints found in the body
hip joint<br></br>- mostly present at limbs where the enlargement of one bone can fit the depression of another
describe hyaline/articular cartilage
made up of a network of collagen fibres which covers the end of bones, protects the bone tissue and reduces fricition<br></br>- soaks up synovial fluid during exercise so mobility imporves
descsribe white fibrocartilage
very tough so found in areas wher eimpact is high e.g. meniscus of the knee, intervertbral discs
describe yellow elastic cartilage
very flexible and foud in internal ear and epiglottis
what do ligaments attach
bone to bone
function of the ligament
- absorbs shock<br></br>- prevent disclocation <br></br>- stabilises joint during movement<br></br>- ensures good posture and alignment
structure of the ligament
a tough band of fiborous slightly elastic tissue that connects bone to bone
what do tendons attach
muscle to bone
function of the tendons
transmits a contraction force to the bone to create movement
structure of the tendon
a fiborous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
what is the cartilage function
protects end of joints and bones<br></br>- prevents friction<br></br>- acts as a shock absorber
what is isnisde a synovial joint
ligament <br></br>tendon<br></br>synovial fluid<br></br>articular cartilage<br></br>joint capsule<br></br>bursa
what does the synovial fluid do
lubricates the bone to prevent friciton in the joint cavity and nourishes articular cartilage
what does articular cartilage cover
end of long bones
what does the joint capsule do
encompases the joint to stabilise it and contains the synovial membrane to strengthen joints by secreting synovial fluid
what does the bursa do
a fluid filled sac where tendons rub over bones to reduce fricition
describe the ball and socket joint and example
- can move in all axis<br></br>- hip - deep socket which limits motion<br></br>- shoulder - shallow socket to allow more motion and less stability
describe the pivot joint and example
- allows rotation along one axis (long axis)<br></br>- pronation and supernation occurs<br></br>e.g. radio ulna joint
describe the gliding joint and example
- 2 flat surfaces on top of eachother which can glide and rotate<br></br>- ligaments hold it together<br></br>- e.g. carpals and tarsals
describe the hinge joint and example
- movement at one axis<br></br>- alows flexion, extention<br></br>- structure prevents some rotation<br></br>e.g. elbow and ankle
describe the candyloid joint and example
- prevents rotation (only on 2 axis)<br></br>-flexion, extention, abduction, adduction, circumduction<br></br>- can slide inside socket<br></br>e.g. wrists, radio carpals joint
what is the anatomical position
facing straight forward, arms by the sides, palms facing forward and feet apart
what is the anterior and proterior position
anterior - towards the front of the body<br></br>prosterior- towards the back of the body
what is the medial position
towards the middle of the body
what is the superior and inferior position
superior- towards the head/ upper part of the body<br></br>inferior- towards the feet/ lower part of the body
what is the proximal and distal position
proximal- closer to the origin of the body<br></br>distal- further away from the origin of the body
movements at the ankle
dorsi flexion - decreases the joint angle bringing toes closer to the tibia <br></br>plantar flexion - increases the joint angle moving toes away from the tibia
movements at the wrist
flexion - decreases angle usually forwards<br></br>extention - increases joint angle usually back<br></br>hyperextention- extention behind the midline of the body
movements at the knee and elbow
flexion - decreases angle usually forwards<br></br>extention - increases joint angle usually back
movements at the spine
flexion - decreases angle usually forwards<br></br>extention - increases joint angle usually back<br></br>hyperextention- extention behind the midline of the body<br></br>lateral flexion- sideward movement of the spine
movemetns at the hip and shoulder
flexion - decreases angle usually forwards<br></br>extention - increases joint angle usually back<br></br>hyperextention- extention behind the midline of the body<br></br>horizontal flexion- towards the midline of the body, parallel to the ground<br></br>horiziontal extention- away from the midline of the body, parallel to the ground<br></br>abduction- away from the body midline<br></br>adduction- towards bodys midline<br></br>medial rotation- along longitudinal axis towards midline<br></br>lateral rotation- along longitudinal axis away from midline<br></br>circumduction- distal end of limbs create a conical movement
movements at radio ulna
pronation- rotates limbs towards the inside (palms face downwards)<br></br>supernation- rotates to the outside (palms face upwards)
what is an agonist
contracts and shortens to create a movement
what is an antagonist
relaxes and lengthens to support the movement
what is a fixator
muscle group which stabilises the movement
what is the origin
<div>•the point of muscular attachment to a
stationary bone (tendon) which stays relatively fixed during muscle contraction </div>
what is the insertion
the
point of muscular attachment to a moveable bone which gets closer to the origin
during muscular contraction
how does the sagittal plane divide the body and what movements ccur
divides the body into left and right <br></br>flexion extention dorsi flexion and plantar flexion
how does the frontal plane divide the body and what movements ccur
divides the body into front and back<br></br>abduction and adduction
how does the transverse plane divide the body and what movements ccur
divides the body into uppser and lower<br></br>horizontal flexion horizontal extention and rotation
how does the longitudinal axes divide the body and example
runs from the top to the bottom of the body<br></br>e.g. full twist
how does the transverse axes divide the body and example
runs from the side to side of the body<br></br>e.g. front somersualt
how does the frontal axes divide the body and example
runs from the front to the back of the body e.g. cartwheel
type of joint, articulating bones, insertion, origin and agonist and antagonist of the wrist
type- condyloid<br></br>ab - carpals, radius, ulna <br></br>insertion- metacarpals<br></br>origin- humerus <br></br>flexion agonist - wrist flextors antagonist- wrist extensors <br></br>extention - agonist - wrist extensors antagonist- wrist flexors
type of joint, articulating bones, insertion, origin and agonist and antagonist of the radio ulnar
type- pivot<br></br>ab- radius ulna<br></br>supination pronation<br></br>agonist- supinator pronator teres<br></br>antagonist- pronator teres supinator<br></br>insertion - radius radius<br></br>origin- ulna and humerus humerus
type of joint, articulating bones, insertion, origin and agonist and antagonist of the elbow
type- hinge<br></br>ab- humerus radius ulna<br></br>flexion extention<br></br>agonist- bicep brachii tricep brachii<br></br>antagonist- tricep brachii bicep brachii<br></br>insertion- radius ulna<br></br>orginin- scapula scapula
type of joint, articulating bones, insertion, origin and agonist and antagonist of the spine
type- gliding<br></br>ab- vertebrae<br></br>flexion extention lateral rotation<br></br>agonist- rectus abdominas erector spinae group internal and external obliques<br></br>antagonist- erector spinae group rectus abdominas external and internal obliques<br></br>insertion- ribs ribs illium<br></br>origin- pubis vertebrae (sacrum) ribs
type of joint, articulating bones, insertion, origin and agonist and antagonist of the ankle
type- hinge<br></br>ab- fibula tibia tarsals<br></br>plantarflexion dorsi flexion<br></br>agonist- gastrocnemius and soleus tibialis anterior<br></br>antaonist- tibialis anterior gastrocnemius and soleus<br></br>insertion- calcaneus calcaneus<br></br>origin- femur (G) fibula (S) tibia
type of joint, articulating bones, insertion, origin and agonist and antagonist of the knee
type- hinge<br></br>ab- femur and tibia<br></br>flexion extention<br></br>agonist- bicep femoris rectus femoris<br></br>antagonist- rectus femoris bicep femoris<br></br>insertion- tibia and fibula (bf) patella and tibia<br></br>origin- coxa (illium) illlium
type of joint, articulating bones, insertion, origin and agonist and antagonist of the shoulder (flexion extention)
type- ball and socket<br></br>articulating bones - humerus , glenoid fossa<br></br>flexion <br></br>agonist- anterior deltoid<br></br>antagonist- prosterior deltoid<br></br>insertion- humerus<br></br>origin- clavicle<br></br>extention<br></br>agonist- prosterior deltoid<br></br>antagonist- anterior deltoid<br></br>insertion- humerus<br></br>origin- scapula
insertion, origin and agonist and antagonist of the shoulder (hz flexion and extention)
hz flexion hz extention<br></br>agonist- pectoralis major trapezius <br></br>antagonist- trapezius pectoralis major<br></br>insertion- humerus clavicle and scapula<br></br>origin- clavicle and sternum vertebrae
insertion, origin, agonist and antagonist of the shoulder (abduction and adduction)
adduction abduction<br></br>agonist- latissimus dorsi middle deltoid<br></br>antagonist- middle deltoid latissimus dorsi<br></br>insertion- humerus humerus<br></br>origin- vertebrae scapula
insertion, origin, agonist and antagonist of the shoulder (medial and lateral rotation)
medial rotation lateral rotation<br></br>agonist- teres major subscapularis teres minor infraspinatus<br></br>antagonist - teres minor infraspinatus teres major subscapularis<br></br>insertion- humerus humerus <br></br>origin- scapula scapula
type, articulating bones,insertion, origin, agonist and antagonist of the hip (flexion and extention)
type- ball and scoket<br></br>ab- femur and illium (acetabulum)<br></br>flexion extention<br></br>agonist- iliopsoas gluteus maximus<br></br>antagonist- gluteus maximus iliopsoas<br></br>insertion- femur femur<br></br>origin- vertebrae vertebrae
insertion, origin, agonist and antagonist of the hip (adduction and abduction)
adduction abdcution<br></br>agonist- adductor longus gluteus medius and minimus<br></br>antagonist- gluteus medius and minimus adductor longus<br></br>insertion- femur femur<br></br>origin- pubis illium
insertion, origin, agonist and antagonist of the hip (medial and lateral rotation)
medial rotation lateral rotation<br></br>agonist- gluteus minimus gluteus maximus<br></br>antagonist- gluteus maximus gluteus minimus<br></br>insrtion- femur femur<br></br>origin- illlium vertebrae
descirve the 3 types of contractions
isotonic - muslces that change length under tensiion<br></br>concentric - shortening <br></br>eccentric - lengthening<br></br>isometric - muscles that dont change in length but still remain under tension
what hapens during weighted cations with the agonist
when working against gravity and/or aganist body weight, muscles are required to control the movement to prevent inuries <br></br>- upward phase typically stay the same but downward phase agonist is same as upward phase agonist
what is an isotonic muscular contraction
muscles that change length under tension<br></br>- concentric - shortening <br></br>- eccentric - lengthening
what are isometric muscles
muscles that dont change length but still remain under tension
what is a muscle contraction
the activation of tension generating sites within muscles fibres
how is the impulse transmitted
the brain - at the centre of the muscle contraction (sends the impulse)<br></br>motor neuron - transmits an imuplse along the nervous system<br></br>dendrite- is connected to the brain and has a lot of connection sites so cant be damaged<br></br>axon - the main body of the cell which travels down the spinal chord and into the muscle<br></br>axon terminal - is the motor end plates which are the connecting plates that connect to the muscle<br></br>myelin sheath- insulates the cells, non ocnductive and surrounds the axin<br></br>node of ranvier - gaps which allow the eletrical impulses to travel quicker making the electricity jump from cell to cell to prpovide quicker reactions
what is a motor unit
consists of a motor neurone and a number of associated muscle fibres
how does sending an electrical impulse work
- is an electrochemical process<br></br>- it is mainly salts which are needed to move the impulse down to the muscle fibres <br></br>- relies on action potential to conduct the impulse down the axon to the muscle fibres
what is an action potential
a positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre (permanetly charged)
what happens where the motor end pates meet the muscle fibre
- motor neurone is not directly connected to muscle fivres there is a gap (neuronmuscular junction) at the end of the axon and muscle fibre<br></br>- the gap is called the synaptic cleft adn there is also a break in the action potential
what happens at the neuromusuclar junction
- action potential cannot pass the synaptic cleft without a neurotransmitter or specifically acetylcholine (ach)<br></br>-ach fills the synaptic cleft to allow the impulse to continue<br></br>- as long as the impulse is aboove a thershold and there is enough ach then a wave of contraction will occur down the muscle which initiates the tension
what is the all or none law
- all the muscle fibres within the motor unit will contract at the same time with maximum force or not at all when stimulated
