Muscular and skeletal Flashcards
What is the difference between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton - main trunk of skeleton which protects vital organs
Appendicular skeleton - where most movement occurs.
What are the 5 functions of the skeleton
- Protection
- Shape and support
- Mineral storage
- Human movement
- Blood cell production
What is the role and an example of a long bone
Femur. Act as levers for movement and blood cell production
What is the role and an example of a flat bone
Sternum. Provide protection and muscle attachment
What is the role and an example of a short bone
Tarsals and Carpals. Weight bearing
What is the role and an example of an irregular bone
Vertebrae. Protection – spinal cord
What is the role and an example of a sesamoid bone
Patella. Ease joint movement & resist compression
What are the 2 different bone types found in long bones
Compact bone (hard) and cancellous bone (spongy)
What are the 3 types of joints
- Immoveable or fixed / Fibrous
- Slightly Moveable / Cartilaginous
- Freely Moveable / Synovial Joints (6 different categories)
What is the main component of a bone
Collagen - a fibrous protein with great strength
What are fibrous joints and an example of one
Joints where no movement between the bones is possible. Because they are held together with strong white collagen fibres. Example: the skull
What are cartilaginous joints and an example of one
Joints that can slightly move where the surface of the bones are
separated with some intervening substances e.g. the intervertebral discs and the fibro-cartilage between each vertebrae.
What is the role of a ligament
Attaches bone to bone
Absorbs shock
Ensures good posture and alignment
What is the role of the tendon
Attaches muscle to bone
Transmits a contraction force to the
bone to create movement
What is the role of cartilage
Covers the end of long bones
Prevents friction
Acts as a shock absorber
What are the 5 synovial joints with examples
Ball and socket - Shoulder
Pivot - radio-ulna
Gliding - Spine
Hinge - Knee
Condyloid - Wrist
What is the function of synovial fluid
Reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage
What’s the function of articular cartilage
Absorbs shock and allows friction free movement
What is the function of the joint capsule
Encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid
What is the function of the bursa
reduces friction between tendons and bone
Shoulder Joint: Articulating bones and joint type
Joint type: Ball and socket
Articulating bones: Humerus and scapula
Knee joint: articulating bones and joint type
Joint type: Hinge
Articulating bones: Femur and tibia
Wrist joint: Articulating bones and joint type
Joint type: Condyloid
Articulating bones: Radius and carpals and Ulna
Ankle joint: Articulating bones and joint type
Joint type: Hinge
Articulating bones: Tibia, fibula, and talus
Hip joint: Articulating bones and joint type
Joint type: Ball and socket
Articulating bones: Femur and pelvis
Elbow joint: Articulating bones and joint type
Joint type: Hinge
Articulating bones: Humerus, radius, and ulna
Radio-ulna joint: Articulating bones and joint type
Joint type: Pivot
Articulating: Radius, Ulna
Hip joint: Movement allowed, Agonist, Origin, Insertion, Antagonist
Flexion: Iliopsoas, Vertebrae, Femur, Gluteus Maximus
Extension: Gluteus Maximus, Vertebrae, Femur, Iliopsoas
Adduction: Adductor Longus/Brevis/Magnus, Pubis, Femur, Gluteus medius and Minimus
Abduction: Gluteus Medius and Minimus, Ilium, Femur, Adductor longus/brevis/Magnus
Medial Rotation: Gluteus Minimus, Ilium, Femur, Gluteus Maximus
Lateral Rotation: Gluteus Maximus, Vertebrae, Femur, Gluteus Minimus
Knee Joint: Movement allowed, Agonist, Origin, Insertion, Antagonist
Extension Rectus Femoris, Ilium, Patella and Tibia, Bicep Femoris
Flexion Bicep Femoris, Ilium, Tibia and Fibula, Rectus Femoris,
Ankle Joint: Movement allowed, Agonist, Origin, Insertion, Antagonist
Plantar flexion, Gastrocnemius Soleus, Femur (G) Tibia & fibula(S)
Calcaneus, Tibialis Anterior
Dorsiflexion, Tibialis Anterior, tibia, calcaneus, Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Shoulder Joint: Movement allowed, Agonist, Origin, Insertion, Antagonist
Flexion: Anterior Deltoid, Clavicle, Humerus, Posterior Deltoid
Extension: Posterior Deltoid, Scapula, Humerus, Anterior Deltoid
Horizontal Flexion: Pectoralis Major, Clavicle, Sternum, Humerus, Trapezius
Horizontal Extension: Trapezius, Vertebrae, Clavicle & Scapula, Pectoralis Major
Adduction: Latissimus Dorsi, Vertebrae, Humerus, Middle Deltoid
Abduction: Middle Deltoid, Scapula, Humerus, Latissimus Dorsi
Medial Rotation: Teres Major, Scapula, Humerus, Teres Minor
Lateral Rotation: Teres Minor, Scapula, Humerus, Teres Major
Wrist Joint: Movement allowed, Agonist, Origin, Insertion, Antagonist
Flexion: Wrist Flexors, Humerus, Metacarpals, Wrist Extensors
Extension: Wrist Extensors, Humerus, Metacarpals, Wrist Flexors
Elbow Joint: Movement allowed, Agonist, Origin, Insertion, Antagonist
Flexion: Bicep Brachii, Scapula, Radius, Tricep Brachii
Extension: Tricep Brachii, Scapula, Ulna, Bicep Brachii
Radio-Ulna Joint: Movement allowed, Agonist, Origin, Insertion, Antagonist
Supination: Supinator, Ulna & Humerus, Radius, Pronator Teres
Pronation: Pronator Teres, Humerus, Radius, Supinator
Spine joint: Movement allowed, Agonist, Origin, Insertion, Antagonist
Flexion: Rectus abdominus, Pubis, Ribs, Erector Spinae Group
Extension Erector Spinae Group, Vertebrae, Ribs, Rectus Abdominas
Lateral Flexion: Internal and External Obliques, Ribs, Ilium, External and Internal Obliques
Different types of muscular contractions
Isotonic muscles contractions – Muscles that change length under tension: Shortening – concentric, Lengthening – eccentric
Isometric muscle contractions – muscles that don’t change in length but still remain under tension.
What is a muscular contraction
Muscle contraction is the activation of tension-generating sites within
muscle fibres
i.e muscles can only contract when stimulated by an electrical impulse
How is the impulse transmitted
The brain is at the centre of the muscle contraction (it is the brain that sends the impulse)
Motor neuron transmits an impulse along the nervous system (CNS)
Dendrite is connected to the brain (has a lot of connection sites so it cannot be damaged easily)
Axon is the main body of the cell which travels down the spinal cord and into the muscles
Axon terminal is the motor end plates which are the connecting plates that connect to the muscle
Myelin sheath – insulates the cells, non-conductive, surround the axon just like a plastic coating around a wire
Node of Ranvier – gaps which allow the electrical impulses to travel quicker making the electricity jump from cell to cell which provides quicker reactions
What is a motor unit
A motor neuron and all its associated muscle fibres
What is an action potential?
A positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre (permanently charged)
What happens at the neuromuscular junction?
Action Potential cannot pass the synaptic cleft without a
neurotransmitter or specifically acetylcholine (chemical secreted by the neuron sometimes written as Ach)
Ach fills the ‘gap’ (synaptic cleft) to allow the impulse to continue
So long as the impulse is ‘strong enough’ (above a threshold) and there is enough Ach then a wave of contraction will occur down the muscle which initiates the tension
Describe the nervous stimulation of a motor unit/ how a
skeletal muscle contracts
- Electrical impulse causes an action potential and travels down the axon
- Release of sodium/ NA+ causes depolarisation
- Neurotransmitter or acetylcholine (Ach) is released
- Travels across the synaptic cleft/ synapse
- If the electrical charge is above the threshold, impulse stimulates muscle fibres to contract / causes wave of contraction
- ‘All or none’ law means all fibres within motor unit contract or none
3 functional characteristics of FG, FOG, SO
Speed of contraction: FG- fast, FOG - Fast, SO - slow
Force of contraction: FG - high, FOG - high, SO - low
Fatigue resistance: SO - High, FOG - Moderate, FG - Low
3 structural characteristics of FG, FOG, SO
Neuron Size: SO - Small, FOG - Large, FG - Large
Fibres per neuron: SO - Few, FOG - Many, FG - Many
Capillary density: SO - High, FOG - High, FG - Low
Henneman’s size principle
This states that muscles are recruited in a ‘ladder system’
Depending on the intensity of the activity, SO muscles fibres will always be recruited first as they have the highest to resistance to fatigue.
Low intensity: SO (type 1) muscle fibres will be recruited first
Higher intensity: FOG (type 2a) fibres will be recruited alongside SO fibres
Near maximal intensity: FG fibres are recruited as well as SO and FOG
Muscle fibre types and recovery
Muscle fibre type Recovery speed Work:relief ratio
SO: Vey quickly (recovered in 90 seconds), 1:1 or even 2:1
FOG: Slower than SO fibres but faster than FOG muscle fibres
this can be depended on intensity of exercise e.g. if they have been used to exhaustion 1:2
FG: Very slowly (careful consideration is needed when designing a training session), 1:3+ including 1:5 or 1:6 for explosive strength/ events When weight lifting 3 – 5 minutes is required between sets
