Sports Psychology 1 Flashcards
4 types of guidance
Verbal
Visual
Manual
Mechanical
Verbal guidance
Guidance involving feedback / instructions to guide/correct a skill.
Positives of verbal feedback
Can be used alongside visual guidance.
Questioning can prompt performer to self-evaluate
Use of keywords focus on technique
Useful when clear, short and relevant.
Negatives of verbal feedback
Can be complicated for beginners.
Need to be given in calm, quiet environment.
Need to be constructive, specific and accurate
Can only remember limited amount of spoken info
Not useful for beginners or young people.
Visual guidance
When a performer can see the skill being performed/practiced. A demonstration to enable further understanding.
Positives of visual guidance
Useful for beginners/ visual learners
Allows performer to clearly see and so copy
Breaks down skill so is less complex
Useful when demo is correct/clear
Negatives of visual guidance
Example should be accurate
Needs to be detailed and specific for elite performers
Demotivating if performer can’t complete skill
Ineffective if performer’s sight is blocked
Manual guidance
Physical movement of the performer into the correct position.
Example of verbal guidance
Feedback to football players at half time
Example of visual guidance
Demo of front crawl in swimming
Example of manual guidance
Holding someone in a headstand position
Positives of manual guidance
Promotes confidence
Reduces risk of injury
Allows experience of skill before thorough learning
Negatives of manual guidance
Learner may become dependent on support
Has little kinaesthetic value
Child safety issues
Difficult in large groups
Mechanical guidance
Using learning aids to help a performer learn/practice the skill.
Example of mechanical guidance
Using a float in swimming
Positives of mechanical guidance
Ensures safety
Promotes confidence
Gives idea of kinaesthetic movement
Negatives of mechanical guidance
Expensive equipment
Don’t learn from mistakes
Can become dependent
Can’t be done in large groups
Useful guidance for beginners
Need visual guidance to understand what skill looks like, especially good combined w verbal (not too long/complex)
May need mechanical / manual guidance to support them through the technique
Useful guidance for elite
Unlikely to need visual guidance other than to highlight minor faults. Verbal guidance can be longer/ more complex. Unlikely to need manual/ mechanical
Feedback
The info a performer receives about their performance and how they should develop/improve it.
Types of feedback
Acronym?
Results (knowledge of) Extrinsic Positive Performance (knowledge of) Intrinsic Negative
REPPIN
Positive feedback
Informs performer on what was correct about performance
Important for beginners as is motivating and so doesn’t knock confidence
Negative feedback
Informs performer as to what was incorrect about performance.
(Unimportant for elite performers as improves faults)
Knowledge of results
Focuses on success of achievement of outcome goal set out for.
(Unimportant for beginners as they aren’t as experienced as to actual performance)
Knowledge of performance
Provides more detail as to quality of performance, not end result. Relates to individual’s movements or specific technique.
Extrinsic motivation
Feedback from outside performers, often verbally by coach.
Good for beginners as may not know how to improve as have poor knowledge of performance so need outsider’s perspective
Intrinsic motivation
Info received from within the performer via senses/muscles.
Unimportant for elite performers as will have more knowledge of performance so will know how to improve
Beginners feedback
Positive
Knowledge of results
Extrinsic
Elite’s feedback
Negative feedback
Knowledge of performance
Intrinsic feedback
Arousal
A physical/mental state of alertness/readiness varying from deep sleep to intense excitement.
Drive theory
Theory that increase in performance correlates w increase in arousal.
Inverted u theory
Theory that as arousal level increases, so does level of performance up to an optimum point in which after, performance decreases as have become over-aroused and so too anxious.
Different sports/ positions have different optimum arousal levels.
Low optimum arousal sport
Darts/snooker
Skill requiring fine and precise movements
High optimum arousal sport
Weightlifting/sprinting
Requires gross movements, involving power
Under aroused
Lack of concentration, focus and motivation.
Low performance levels
Moderate level of arousal
Max performance level and concentration. Reaction time will be quicker and correct levels of emotion for situation.
Over arousal
Loss of focus and cues Anxiety Bad decision making Aggressive Low performance levels
Stress management techniques
Deep breathing Mental rehearsal Imagery Visualisation Positive self-talk
Deep breathing
Exaggeration of breaths in and out. Controls arousal and focuses on task in hand. Reduces heart rate and feelings of nervousness.
Mental rehearsal
Performer pictures themselves performing the skill perfectly before attempting it.
Imagery
Involves performer imagining themselves in a calm and relaxing place to reduce anxiety.
Visualisation
Performer will picture an aspect of performance to remind them to maintain correct technique.
Positive self-talk
Performer gives themselves positive and reassuring instructions, allowing them to remain focussed and motivated on task.
Direct aggression
Aggression involving physical contact.
Eg, sticking out elbows in netball, rugby tackle, boxer punch
Indirect aggression
Doesn’t involve physical contact but rather aggression aimed at an abject in order to gain advantage over opposition,
Eg tennis smash shot
2 main personality types
Introvert
Extrovert
Introvert
Humble
Modest
Quiet
(May suit individual sports like cycling)
Extrovert
Confident
Outgoing
Arrogant
(May suit team sports)
Motivation
The drive and desire someone has to want to achieve.
Types of motivation
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
Intrinsic motivation
Drive that comes from within the performer.
Eg pride, enjoyment, self satisfaction, personal achievement
Extrinsic motivation
Motivation from another source / person through external rewards
Tangible rewards
Certificates
Trophies
Medals
Intangible rewards
Praise
Feedback
Applause
Negatives of intrinsic
Overuse of extrinsic motivation can undermine intrinsic so forget why playing.
Pride and accomplishment of external rewards can be a more effective motivator to some
Benefit of intrinsic
More likely to lead to continued effort and participation
Extrinsic negatives
Performer can become too reliant on it
May not be enough for some players
Benefits of extrinsic motivation
Not all rewards are overused
Can work well w intrinsic
