(Physio )Applied Anatomy And Physiology and movement analysis Flashcards
Head bone
Cranium
Jaw bone
Mandible
Shoulder blades
Scapula
Upper arm bone
Humerus
Lower arm bones
Radius and ulna
Hand bones
Carpels, metacarpals and phalanges
Collar bone
Clavicle
Bones from neck through to bottom of back
Vertebrae
Bum bone
Pelvic girdle
Upper leg bone
Femur
Knee bone
Patella
Lower leg bones
Tibia and fibula
Bones in foot
Tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges
Flat bones
Protecting vital organs. (Eg pelvic gurdle, cranium, sternum, ribs, scapula)
Long bones
Enable gross movements. (Eg femur, radius, ulna)
Short bones
Enable finer and more controlled movement. (Eg: carpals and tarsals)
Irregular bones
Specifically shaped bones to protect. ( eg vertebrae and mandible)
Articulating bones at the shoulder
Scapula and humerus
Articulating bones at the hip
Femur and pelvis
Articulating bones t the elbow
Radius, ulna and humerus
Articulating bones at the knee
Tibia, fibulae or femur
Articulating bones at the ankle
Tibia, tarsals, fibular
Functions of the skeleton
Support, protection, movement, structural shape, blood cell production and storage of minerals
How does the skeleton produce movement?
They work as anchor points for muscles as they attach to them via tendons. As muscles contract, movement is enabled
How do bones produce blood cells?
They contain bone marrow in them which produces red and white blood cells.
What minerals do bones contain?
They store 99% of calcium and 85% of phosphorus.
Joint
Where 2 or more bones meet to allow movement
Synovial joint
A joint that’s freely moveable
Where are synovial joints located?
Shoulder, elbow, knee, ankle and hip
What are the two types of synovial joint?
Hinge
Ball and socket
Hinge joint
Allow movement in one direction (eg elbow and knee).
Ball and socket
Head/ball of a long bone fitting into the cup like end of another bone tp allow movement in 3 dimensions in a rotary motion. (Eg shoulder and hip)
Fixed joint
A joint that allows little\no movement (eg skull).
Partially moveable joint
A joint with restricted movement.
Ligament
Connects bone to bone
Tendon
Connects bone to muscle
How does the ligament affect the knee joint ?
It stabilises the joint
How does cartilage affect the knee joint?
It acts as a shock absorber, reducing friction.
How does synovial fluid affect the knee joint.
It lubricates the joint.
How does the synovial membrane affect the knee joint?
It’s the joint lining that produces synovial fluid.
How does the tendon affect the knee joint?
It attaches the bone to muscle, enabling movement. Is nonelastic.
How does the join capsule affect the knee joint?
Encloses the joint, holding it together and preventing fluid from escaping.
How does the bursar affect the knee joint?
It reduces friction between the joint.
How does the patella aid the knee joint?
It enables knee extension.
Sesamoid
A bone within a tendon.
Flexión
Movement where the angle between the bones decrease
Extension
Movement where the angle between the bones increase.
Plantar flexion
Pointing of the foot towards the ground.
Doris flexion
Pointing of the foot towards the knee.
Abduction
Movement where limbs are moved away from the body.
Adduction
Movement where the limbs are moved back towards the body.
Rotation
Turning of a limb along its axis.
What can ball and socket joints do?
Rotation, adduction, abduction, flexion, extension
What can hinge joints do?
Flexion/extension
Doris/plantar flexion
Antagonistic pairs working at the elbow
Biceps (antagonist)
Triceps (agonist)
Antagonistic pair at the hip joint
Hip flexor (antagonist on adduction) Gluteals (agonist)
Antagonistic pair at the knee joint
Quadriceps (antagonist)
Hamstring (agonist on flexion)
Antagonistic pair at the ankle joint
Gastrocnemius (antagonist on dorsiflexion) Tibialus anterior (agonist on Doris flexion)
Muscle at shoulder
Rotator cuff
Chest muscles
Pectorals
Stomach muscles
Abdominals
Muscle at hip
Hip flexor
Muscle on front of calf
Tibialus anterior
Back muscle
Deltoid
Trapezium
Side muscles
Latissimus dorsi
Bum muscles
Gluteals
Bottom of thigh muscles
Top of thigh
Hamstring
Quadriceps
Calf muscle
Gastrocnemius
Ankle muscles
Saleus
Agonist
Prime mover
Muscle that contracts to create movement
Antagonist
Muscle that relaxes to enable movement
Shoulder joint agonist in abduction vs adduction
Deltoid on abduction
Lastissimus dorsi on adduction
Shoulder joint agonist on rotation
Rotator cuff
Isometric
Contractions at fixed joints where there’s no movement and therefore no change in muscle length. Is static.
Eg headstand and plank
Isotonic
Contraction with movement and therefore a change in muscle length.
Eg throwing a javelin.
Concentric isotonic
(Upwards) movement where the muscle shortens
Eccentric isotonic
(Downwards)
Movement where the muscle lengthens.
Levers function
Allow us to create movement greater than force applied.
3 parts of a lever
Fulcrum
Load
Effort
Fulcrum
Fixed part of lever system, allowing pivoting.
Load
Weight that the lever must move, working against force of effort.
Effort
Force applied to move load/resistance.
3 classes of levers
First
Second
Third
First class lever system
Fulcrum in middle
Example of first class lever system
Tricep extension
F - elbow joint
L- weight
E- tricep
Lever system w highest medical advantage
2nd class lever system
2nd class lever system
Load in middle
Example of 2nd class lever system
Plantar flexion
F ball of foot
L body mass
E gastrocnemius
3rd class lever system
Effort in middle
3rd class lever system example
Bicep curl
F -elbow joint
E- bicep
L-weight
Formula for mechanical advantage
Effort arm/ resistance arm
High mechanical advantage
Positives?
Negatives?
1<
Larger forceproduced w same effort.
Smaller range of movement.
Plane
Imaginary flat surface running through body which movements happen parallel to.
Axis
Imaginary line perpendicular to planes about which body rotates/spins.
Sagittal plane
Vertical plane dividing body into left and right sides.
Eg. Flexion/extension
Frontal plane
Plane dividing body into front and back.
Eg. Abduction/ adduction
