Socio-cultural Influences Flashcards
Social groups differing in engagement patterns
Gender Race/religion/culture Age Family/friends/peers Disability
Engagement patterns
Variation in levels of participation across different social groups.
How does age affect participation in sport
Development of ‘gross motor skills’ as a child.
Adolescence affects confidence, self-esteem, body-image and therefore type of activity.
‘Post-school dropout’ as physical activity is no longer mandatory
Skill improves with age and experience
Participation peaks between 16 and 25 (maximal strength at 25).
Strength/flexibility/ability to recover from injury decreases from age 40, therefore turn to lower impact activities like golf/cycling.
Female participation barriers
Discrimination Low self-esteem Lack of role models Lack of encouragement Friend/peer activity Lack of opportunity Education Other interests Lack of media coverage, prize money, salary and sponsorship towards sportswomen Religion/culture Childcare issues/family commitments
Ethnicity participation levels and factors
Sporting stereotypes limit specific ethnicities to traditional ethnic sports.
Discrimination and racism
Lack of disposable income
Lack of ethnic sporting role models
Religion and culture participation levels and factors
Laws/expectations of particular cultures act as barriers to activity:
Eg. Female clothing expectations
Time of day clashes w ritual/worship
Emphasis on academic success
Family factors affecting participation
Children more likely to participate in same sports as parents.
Attitude towards sport is often taken by children.
Reliance on fam for equipment, financial aid and transport.
Parents more likely to spectate as children participate
Education effect on participation
Development of motor skills and techniques Guidance on health and fitness Intro to activities Leadership roles Positive attitude development Role model provision Curriculum (Pe) Opportunities for sporting qualifications/extracurriculars
Time and work commitments effect on participation
Long working hours
Lack of leisure time
Childcare
Shift workers struggle w appropriate times to exercise
Cost and disposable income effect on participation levels
Lower socio-economic backgrounds may turn to low cost sports like running, swimming, football..etc rather than equestrian events or golf.
Transport, equipment, childcare, membership all require a disposable income
Disability barriers to participation
Many sports require adaptations to allow disabled participation. Coach and participant communication Lack of role models Lack of confidence Opportunity Discrimination Access and transport
How do you break down disability barriers to participation?
Adapting sports by changing: Location Rules Equipment Teams
How does media encourage participation?
Increases awareness/knowledge of activities by publicising sport and increasing popularity.
Promotes exercise and healthy lifestyle (news/documentaries)
Covers health campaigns
Promotes role models and sports stars
Minor sports grow in popularity
How does media coverage decrease participation
Under-representing minority/women’s/disability sport
Sedentary lifestyle encouraged by more sport available to watch
Bad publicity sheds negative light on sport
Strategies to improve participation
Promotion
Provision
Access
Promotion of a sport
Increased media coverage
Increase role models of minor social groups
Covering activity campaigns
Advertisement of available activities
Provision of a sport
Emphasise physical education in national curriculum
Increase opportunities for women’s/minority/disabled sport
Run sessions for specific social groups
Provide childcare facilities
Provide accessible facilities
Access of a sport
Local, available and affordable Transport and parking Disabled access entry Equipment to hire of every age/disability Sensible pricing Allowances of alternative dress codes Adaptation of sports
Commercialisation
Process by which new products are introduced into the market place, which can be bought or sold for profit.
Sports/performers can be bought/sold for products
Golden triangle
Relationship between spectators, sponsorship and the media. Spectators buy sponsor’s product and sponsors rely on spectators for income.
Sponsors attract spectators for media and sponsors need media promotion.
Media relies on subscription and spectators buy merch from media.
Sponsorship
The financial support for a sport (event/organisation/performer) by an outside body for mutual benefit of both parties.
Media
Main means of mass communication regarded collectively.
Types of sponsorship
Financial
Clothing/equipment
Facilities
Types of media
Tv Radio Press Internet Social media
Positive Media impact on the sport
Increased exposure/awareness Showcase sports positive values Make sports more fashionable Introduce new supporters to sport Gives high status in society Attracts investment for sports
Negative effects of media on sport
Negative exposure
Showcase negative values/behaviour
Reduce spectator attendance at live events
Limit popularity of minority sport
Positive effects of media on performer
Leads to fame and sponsorship
Praise
Motivate to participate
Set high standards of performance
Negative effects of media on performer
Intrudes on performers privacy
Undermines people’s confidence and careers
Positive effects of media on spectator
More informed on sport w more examples of skills/tactics. Promote healthy active lifestyle Educate w analysis Give a sense of belonging Don’t need to buy tickets to watch
Negative effects of media on spectator
Dictate event schedules /availability
Edit coverage so is incomplete/biased
Encouraging sedentary lifestyle
