Socio-cultural Influences Flashcards
Social groups differing in engagement patterns
Gender Race/religion/culture Age Family/friends/peers Disability
Engagement patterns
Variation in levels of participation across different social groups.
How does age affect participation in sport
Development of ‘gross motor skills’ as a child.
Adolescence affects confidence, self-esteem, body-image and therefore type of activity.
‘Post-school dropout’ as physical activity is no longer mandatory
Skill improves with age and experience
Participation peaks between 16 and 25 (maximal strength at 25).
Strength/flexibility/ability to recover from injury decreases from age 40, therefore turn to lower impact activities like golf/cycling.
Female participation barriers
Discrimination Low self-esteem Lack of role models Lack of encouragement Friend/peer activity Lack of opportunity Education Other interests Lack of media coverage, prize money, salary and sponsorship towards sportswomen Religion/culture Childcare issues/family commitments
Ethnicity participation levels and factors
Sporting stereotypes limit specific ethnicities to traditional ethnic sports.
Discrimination and racism
Lack of disposable income
Lack of ethnic sporting role models
Religion and culture participation levels and factors
Laws/expectations of particular cultures act as barriers to activity:
Eg. Female clothing expectations
Time of day clashes w ritual/worship
Emphasis on academic success
Family factors affecting participation
Children more likely to participate in same sports as parents.
Attitude towards sport is often taken by children.
Reliance on fam for equipment, financial aid and transport.
Parents more likely to spectate as children participate
Education effect on participation
Development of motor skills and techniques Guidance on health and fitness Intro to activities Leadership roles Positive attitude development Role model provision Curriculum (Pe) Opportunities for sporting qualifications/extracurriculars
Time and work commitments effect on participation
Long working hours
Lack of leisure time
Childcare
Shift workers struggle w appropriate times to exercise
Cost and disposable income effect on participation levels
Lower socio-economic backgrounds may turn to low cost sports like running, swimming, football..etc rather than equestrian events or golf.
Transport, equipment, childcare, membership all require a disposable income
Disability barriers to participation
Many sports require adaptations to allow disabled participation. Coach and participant communication Lack of role models Lack of confidence Opportunity Discrimination Access and transport
How do you break down disability barriers to participation?
Adapting sports by changing: Location Rules Equipment Teams
How does media encourage participation?
Increases awareness/knowledge of activities by publicising sport and increasing popularity.
Promotes exercise and healthy lifestyle (news/documentaries)
Covers health campaigns
Promotes role models and sports stars
Minor sports grow in popularity
How does media coverage decrease participation
Under-representing minority/women’s/disability sport
Sedentary lifestyle encouraged by more sport available to watch
Bad publicity sheds negative light on sport
Strategies to improve participation
Promotion
Provision
Access
Promotion of a sport
Increased media coverage
Increase role models of minor social groups
Covering activity campaigns
Advertisement of available activities
Provision of a sport
Emphasise physical education in national curriculum
Increase opportunities for women’s/minority/disabled sport
Run sessions for specific social groups
Provide childcare facilities
Provide accessible facilities
Access of a sport
Local, available and affordable Transport and parking Disabled access entry Equipment to hire of every age/disability Sensible pricing Allowances of alternative dress codes Adaptation of sports
Commercialisation
Process by which new products are introduced into the market place, which can be bought or sold for profit.
Sports/performers can be bought/sold for products
Golden triangle
Relationship between spectators, sponsorship and the media. Spectators buy sponsor’s product and sponsors rely on spectators for income.
Sponsors attract spectators for media and sponsors need media promotion.
Media relies on subscription and spectators buy merch from media.
Sponsorship
The financial support for a sport (event/organisation/performer) by an outside body for mutual benefit of both parties.
Media
Main means of mass communication regarded collectively.
Types of sponsorship
Financial
Clothing/equipment
Facilities
Types of media
Tv Radio Press Internet Social media
Positive Media impact on the sport
Increased exposure/awareness Showcase sports positive values Make sports more fashionable Introduce new supporters to sport Gives high status in society Attracts investment for sports
Negative effects of media on sport
Negative exposure
Showcase negative values/behaviour
Reduce spectator attendance at live events
Limit popularity of minority sport
Positive effects of media on performer
Leads to fame and sponsorship
Praise
Motivate to participate
Set high standards of performance
Negative effects of media on performer
Intrudes on performers privacy
Undermines people’s confidence and careers
Positive effects of media on spectator
More informed on sport w more examples of skills/tactics. Promote healthy active lifestyle Educate w analysis Give a sense of belonging Don’t need to buy tickets to watch
Negative effects of media on spectator
Dictate event schedules /availability
Edit coverage so is incomplete/biased
Encouraging sedentary lifestyle
Positive effects of media on spectator
Recognition
Negative effects of media on spectator
More criticism
Undermine officials and decisions
Positive effects of sponsorship on sport
More money into sport (coaching/beginner programmes)
Negative effects of sponsorship on sport
Leads to turning away from less advertised sports
Can give bad image to sport
Can be exploited to suit sponsor
Positive effects of sponsorship on performer
Gives salary/equipment, allowing full time training
Negative effects of sponsorship on performer
Over reliance on sponsor?
Can be exploited to suit sponsor
Positive effects of sponsorship on spectator
Nicer facilities
Opportunity to buy products
Negative effects of sponsorship on spectator
More expensive tickets
Benefits for sponsor
Raises awareness of the company/brand
Advertisers products and services promote positive/healthy image of company by linking with popular activity
Improves company rep
Provides reward/incentive for staff/customers
Reduces tax through tax relief
Increase sales/revenue through increased media exposure
Disadvantages for sponsor
Uncertain investment
Bad publicity reflects on sponsor
Positive Technology affect on athletes
Better performance w marginal gains
Better medical care / rehabilitation after injury (reduced chances of injury)
Allows analysis of performance for more detailed/accurate coaching
Safer/more efficient equipment
Observation of physical / mental well-being of performers, enabling peak fitness
Prosthetics increase accessibility to disabled
Negative effects of technology on performers
Invades privacy
Excludes sporting success to poorer people/nations
More temptation of cheating
Need for latest tech to gain advantage
Opponents can analyse and therefore manipulate weaknesses of play
Positive effects of tech on officials
Less pressure on individual
Info can be more easily shared/stored over time
More reliable decisions/scoring
Negative effects of tech on officials
Expensive Slow down game Not available at all levels of competition Less trust in officials decisions Officials still make wrong decisions Undermines spirit of FairPlay
Positive effect of tech on spectators
Detracts from actual play
Reduces live atmosphere, slowing down sport
More expensive spectating costs
Enables trolling of individuals
Positive effects of tech on sport
Increases participation as sport is promoted
Gives less wealthy sports opportunities to promote
More coverage/revenue
Increases safety
Negative effects of tech on sport
Detracts from intensity of game
reduces wellbeing usually achieved through escaping from digital pressures
More expensive
Can paint in bad light
Positive effects of technology on sponsors
Media Association w sport increases popularity of sport
More detailed coverage allows for wider opportunity of product advertisement
Technology with officials
Communication Decision-making Board tracking Scoring Timekeeping Recordkeeping
Spectators technology
Camera coverage Statistics Interactive software Digital media Social media
Sportsmanship
Showing appropriate, polite and fair behaviour while participating within a sporting event.
Etiquette (players conduct)
Unwritten rules to uphold respect and fairness, while taking an active approach to this (not just keeping within rules of game).
Gamesmanship
Using dubious methods (not strictly illegal) to gain advantage.
Contract to compete
Unwritten agreement between opponents to play by rules, aim to win and allow opponent to play.
Positive influences of spectators at matching/events
Strong atmosphere (raising arousal)
Home field advantage
Motivation
Money into clubs
Negative influences of
Pressure on performers Distracting Potential for hooliganism/crowd trouble Crowd control expenses and concerns Criticism
Hooliganism
When a group of supporters go to a sporting event to act abusively/violently before, during or after event.
Reasons for hooliganism
Rivalries Historical/political backgrounds to events Media hype Influence of alcohol/drugs Gang culture Frustration at officials Display of masculinity
Strategies to combat hooliganism
Early kick-offs Segregation of fans with allocated seating All seater stadia Video surveillance Security checks Alcohol restrictions Travel bans Education of spectators
Stimulants
Increase aggression and alertness, reducing reaction times and masking fatigue.
Eg sprinters and swimmers.
Adrenaline
Side effects of stimulants
Heart failure/stroke risk
High BP
Liver damage
Increased chance of injury
Narcotic analgesics
Painkillers masking pain of injury/fatigue.
Eg injured rugby players w excessive training
Side effects of narcotic analgesics
Constipation Worsening of injury Low BP concentration loss Coma Addiction
Anabolic agents
Increase rate of muscle growth and so aids increase in muscle mass. Speeds up recovery so athletes can train harder/more frequently.
Eg sprinters/weightlifters
Side effects of anabolic agents
Increases aggression
Damages kidney/liver
High BP
women become more masculine
Diuretics
Drugs reducing fluid content in body to rapidly lose weight.
Eg weight loss in boxing/removal of illegal substances from body
Side effects of diuretics
Severe dehydration
Low BP
muscle cramps
EPO (peptide hormones)
Naturally occurring chemicals, increasing number of red blood cells in body, therefore improving oxygen carrying capacity to muscles, reducing fatigue.
Eg long distance runners
Side effects of EPO
Risk of stroke/heart problems Abnormal growth Heart disease Diabetes Arthritis Blood thickening
Beta blockers
Reduce heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure and effects of adrenaline, therefore improving fine motor control/precision.
Eg target spirts like snooker/archery
Side effects of beta blockers
Nausea
Poor circulation
Tiredness
Weakness
Blood doping process
Removal of blood few weeks prior to competition. Blood is refrozen and re-injected just before competition.
Blood doping
Artificial increase in number of red blood cells, improving oxygen-carrying capacity of an individual.
Eg endurance athletes like long distance runners/cyclists
Side effects of doping
Thickening of blood
Potential infection/heart attacks
Risk of embolism
Advanced used for the taking PED
Increased chance of success
Increased chance of fame
Increased chance of wealth
Level playing field
Disadvantages to the sport/event of the performers taking PED’s.
Reputation
Credibility
