Sports Physcology Flashcards
What’s the definition of sports physicology ?
Study of the mind and mental processes that impact performance in sport
What is a skill ?
Give examples
A skill is a learned action/ behaviour intended to bring about predetermined results with minimum effort
Tennis serve
A pass
What’s an ability?
Give examples
An inherited , stable trait that determines an individuals potential to learn or acquire a skill.
Balance
Speed
Flexibility
2 types of abilities…
Inherited - passed on from parents genes
Stable traits- do not change over time
The 4 continual lines for classing skills
Difficulty (basic-complex)
Environmental influence (open-closed)
Pacing(self paced- externally paced)
Muscular involvement (gross /fine)
What’s the muscular involvement continuum? Give examples at both ends .
Gross skills ————— fine skills
Large muscle groups. | dart
Bigpowerfulmovemnts|
Little precision. |
Swimming front crawl |
Difficulty continuum. Features and examples at both ends
Basic skills —————— complex
Little info to process.| opposite
Few decisions |
Low levels of concentration|
Learn quick|
Eg. Running | eg. Tennis serve
What’s the environmental continuum?
Features and examples
Open skill—————closed skill
-Effectedbyenvironment | not
(Teammates opposition)
-Performed in unstable | stable
Environment
-requires decision making
Eg. Pass in football
Pacing continuum
Features and examples
Self paced skills-externally paced
-start controlled| start controlled
By performer | by external facto
-speed,pace,direction| determin
Controlled by performer |by env
Eg. Bowling in cricket|goaly save
The 2 types of goals that can be set..
Performance goals
Outcome goals
What’s a performance goal?
Example
Personal standard to be achieved (beating pb)
Personal improvement
Based on previous performances
Eg. 100metre sprinter improving their pb
What does an outcome goal focus on ?
What does it involve comparison against ?
Example
Focus on end result
Involve comparison against overs
Eg. Winning a football match
Effective goal setting for a beginner…
Performance goals to maintain motivation and confidence
Effective goals for experienced / elite performers …
Driven by winning so set outcome goals
Perfomance goals to improve technique
What acronym should a goal follow ? What each part means + examples
SMART
Specific - target must be specific to the demands of the sport. Eg:striker basing targets on shooting
Measurable- possible to measure weather targets have been met. Eg: run100m in 11sec
Accepted- target must be accepted by performer and other individuals involved. Eg: meeting with coach to discuss
Realistic- target must be possible to attain. Eg: increase bench press by 5 kg in 5 weeks
Time-bound - target must have end point eg- improve 100metre time by .2 seconds in 5 weeks
Benefits of goal setting …
Examples
-Increase motivation effort.
They have an end target to work towards. EG: setting goal of winning the league
-Improve focus
Unsure training is focused and relevant
Eg: goal to do a marathon- do more continuous training
-Improve performance
Develop skills/areas of weakness
Eg: goal keeper improving weak kick
What is information processing?
What does information processing involve
How we make decisions
gathering data from the display (senses) and prioritising the most important stimuli to make a suitable decision
Order of information processing…
1.Input
2.decision making
3.output
4.feedback
What’s the input?
Examples
-Performer taking info from the display (senses)
- chose which sense is important to them at the time
Eg: sprinter listening for starting gun
What’s decision making ?
-An appropriate response is chosen from memory. May have been used before
- anything done in the last 30 seconds is comes from short term memory. Any longer, long term memory
What is the output?
Example
The decision chosen is sent to appropriate muscles to carry out the movement
Eg: moving your legs to run
What’s the feedback (intrinsic or extrinsic ) wise
-Information received via intrinsic (within yourself) or extrinsic ( from others), feedback regarding the success of lack of it within an action
-the feedback you revive may affect how you complete this skill in the future
Eg: you feel the ball in your hands ( intrinsic), you hear your team clapping because you caught it (extrinsic)
What’s arousal?
Arousal is a physical and mental of alertness/readiness, ranging from deep sleep to extreme excitement.
What are the two types of arousal..
Physical arousal
Mental arousal
Advantage of physical arousal…
Increased heart rate , increased breathing rate
Disadvantage of physical arousal…
Shaking, muscle tremors, nausea
Advantages of mental arousal …
Increased focus , determination , aggression
Disadvantages of mental arousal..
Anxiety, fear
Diagram of upside down U to represent arousal comparing to performance.
What skills are best performed at a low level of arousal?
Fine skills that require accuracy/precision are best performed at a low level of arousal.
Eg: snooker , archery
What skills require high levels of arousal?
Gross skills that require strength/power and large movements are best performed in high levels of arousal
Eg: rugby tackle
What effect on performance can over arousal have on?
Negative impact
3 Methods to control arousal …
What they are
Examples
-deep breathing, taking slow deep breaths to calm breathing down. This increases oxygen supply to the brain and focuses kind
Mental rehearsal / imagery / visualisation - athlete visualises a successful performance for the mind before completing a skill. Imagery is when you visualise a calm place.
Positives self talk - performed making positive statements in their head to increase confidence
Eg - “I will win this race “
What is aggression?
What are the 2 types of aggression?
-Aggression is behaviour with deliberate intention to harm or injure another person.
-direct
-indirect
What is direct aggression?
Aggression that involves actuall physical contact with an opponent.
Eg: a tackle in rugby
What is indirect aggression?
Aggression that does not involve physical contact. Act is taken out on an object.
E.g. Bowling a fast delivery in Cricket/rounders; smashing shuttle with power in badminton
Example of direct aggression being used to improve performance….
Tackle in Rugby – which stops opponent from scoring a try
Example of indirect aggression being used to improve performance ….
Smashing shuttle with power in Badminton – to make it harder to return shot.
What are the two main personality characteristics ?
Introvert
Extrovert
Characteristics of an introvert …
What type of sports do they generally play? Examples..
What levels or arousal do they generally prefer ?
They tend to be quiet and shy
Introverts tend to play sports that require concentration and involve fine skills (high levels of precision/accuracy).
Eg: snooker, archery
They tend to prefer low levels of arousal
Characteristics of an extrovert …
What type of sports do they tend to play…. Examples of them
What levels of arousal do they tend to prefer?
-tend to be sociable, talkative and outgoing
-tend to play sports that are fast paced and involve gross skills.
Example: rugby, netball
-They tend to prefer high levels of arousal.
What are your 4 types of guidance ?
-visual
-verbal
-manual
-mechanical
What’s visual guidance ?
Who’s visual guidance useful for and why?
Example?
-Guidance that you can see/ watching someone.
Useful for beginners so they form a mental image of the skill and know what they have to do.
Coach demonstrating a chest pass in football.
What’s mental image?
Visualising a skill in the mind
What’s mechanical guidance ?
What feel does it help beginners get?
Example….
-Using mechanical equipment to support leaner
-helps beginners get a kinaesthetic feel for the skill.
- eg using a harness on a trampoline
What’s manual guidance ?
Why’s it helpful for begginers?
-Physically moving the leaner through the correct movement
-helpful for beginners as it increases confidence and safety
Advantages of manual and mechanical guidance ?
-allows learner to experience how a skill should feel and develop a kinaesthetic feel for it
-increases safety when performing a dangerous skill
Disadvantages of manual and mechanical guidance ….
-lead to a false sense of kinaesthesias as you don’t get a true feel for the sport .
-performer may become dependant on the support.
-expensive equipment
Advantage of visual guidance ?
-Good for beginners to give them a mental image of the skill.
Disadvantage of visual guidance ?
-demos must be accurate
-performers must pay attention
What’s verbal guidance ?
How is it used with beginners?
How is it used with experts?
-guidance provided by someone speaking to you.
-begginers , to give key points and focus attention on demo
Experts- discuss tactics
Verbal guidance advantages ?
-Helps ensure selective attention
-good for experienced performers
Verbal guidance disadvantages ?
-Must be clear and concise
-can be boring/time consuming
6 types of feedback …
-Intrinsic (within yourself )
-extrinsic ( external )
- positive
-negative
-Knowledge of performance (understanding of how you played, not based on outcome) (begginers)
-Knowledge of Results (experts )
What’s motivation?
The drive to succeed or desire to achieve something
2 categories of motivation
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
What’s intrinsic motivation?
What is the performer driven to achieve something by?
-Drive that comes from within the performer themselves.
-by the feeling it brings them
What’s extrinsic motivation?
2 categories of extrinsic rewards … (examples )
-Drive experienced by a performer when striving to achieve an external reward.
-tangible (trophies, medals)
-intangible (praise or feedback from others, applause from crowd)
Advantage of intrinsic motivation…
Disadvantage of intrinsic motivation
-Lead to continued effort and motivation
-begginers will need to attain a high enough standard before this happens
Positive of extrinsic motivation…
2 Disadvantages of extrinsic motivation
-Result in feelings of pride / self satisfaction
-undermine the strength of intrinsic motivation.
-performed may not participate if there’s no extrinsic rewards
Benefits of feedback …
-improves performance
-increases confidence
-increases motivation
Effective feedback… why for each one of the 3
-limited amount of info given (prevent information overload)
-immediacy (so performer can reflect)
-related to the individual (increases motivation and accountability
What’s positive feedback ?eg..
-Info about what was correct / successful about the performance
Eg:coach saying good hand position when playing a shot in tennis
Advantages of positive feedback…
-improves motivation
-increases confidence / self esteem
Disadvantages of positive feedback
-make the performer think they’re better than they are
-if given after a poor performance, performer won’t correct errors
What’s negative feedback
Eg
Information given about what was incorrect or bad about the performance
Eg: coach saying your shooting technique was incorrect
2Advantages of negative feedback …
2Disadvantages of negative feedback …
Adv
-motivate performers to want to improve
tells athlete what they need to improve and helps them promise it
Disadv
-demotivate performers
-must be accurate
2Advantages of intrinsic feedback
1Disadvantage of intrinsic feedback
Adv
-immediate feedback
-don’t rely on coach
Disadv
-beginners need extrinsic feedback more
Advantages of extrinsic feedback …
Disadvantages of extrinsic feedback…
Adv
-give info on how to improve technique
-beginners are clueless so extrinsic will help
Disadv
-people may not have access to it
-performers become dependent on it
What’s knowledge of results (KR)
Eg..
Info given after a performance abt end result or outcome
Eg: the shot went in
What’s knowledge of performance (KP)
Eg:
Info given about quality of performance/technique
Eg: good head position when shooting
2Advantages of knowledge of performance and knowledge of results
1Disadvantage
Adv
-increase motivation after positive performance
-help improve kinaesthesis
Disadvantages
-May demotivate athlete after negative performance
2Advantages of knowledge of performance and knowledge of results
1Disadvantage
Adv
-increase motivation after positive performance
-help improve kinaesthesis
Disadvantages
-May demotivate athlete after negative performance
