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Gcse PE > Sports Physcology > Flashcards

Sports Physcology Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the definition of sports physicology ?

A

Study of the mind and mental processes that impact performance in sport

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2
Q

What is a skill ?
Give examples

A

A skill is a learned action/ behaviour intended to bring about predetermined results with minimum effort
Tennis serve
A pass

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3
Q

What’s an ability?
Give examples

A

An inherited , stable trait that determines an individuals potential to learn or acquire a skill.
Balance
Speed
Flexibility

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4
Q

2 types of abilities…

A

Inherited - passed on from parents genes
Stable traits- do not change over time

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5
Q

The 4 continual lines for classing skills

A

Difficulty (basic-complex)
Environmental influence (open-closed)
Pacing(self paced- externally paced)
Muscular involvement (gross /fine)

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6
Q

What’s the muscular involvement continuum? Give examples at both ends .

A

Gross skills ————— fine skills
Large muscle groups. | dart
Bigpowerfulmovemnts|
Little precision. |
Swimming front crawl |

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7
Q

Difficulty continuum. Features and examples at both ends

A

Basic skills —————— complex
Little info to process.| opposite
Few decisions |
Low levels of concentration|
Learn quick|
Eg. Running | eg. Tennis serve

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8
Q

What’s the environmental continuum?
Features and examples

A

Open skill—————closed skill
-Effectedbyenvironment | not
(Teammates opposition)
-Performed in unstable | stable
Environment
-requires decision making

Eg. Pass in football

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9
Q

Pacing continuum
Features and examples

A

Self paced skills-externally paced

-start controlled| start controlled
By performer | by external facto
-speed,pace,direction| determin
Controlled by performer |by env
Eg. Bowling in cricket|goaly save

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10
Q

The 2 types of goals that can be set..

A

Performance goals
Outcome goals

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11
Q

What’s a performance goal?
Example

A

Personal standard to be achieved (beating pb)
Personal improvement
Based on previous performances

Eg. 100metre sprinter improving their pb

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12
Q

What does an outcome goal focus on ?
What does it involve comparison against ?
Example

A

Focus on end result
Involve comparison against overs
Eg. Winning a football match

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13
Q

Effective goal setting for a beginner…

A

Performance goals to maintain motivation and confidence

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14
Q

Effective goals for experienced / elite performers …

A

Driven by winning so set outcome goals
Perfomance goals to improve technique

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15
Q

What acronym should a goal follow ? What each part means + examples

A

SMART

Specific - target must be specific to the demands of the sport. Eg:striker basing targets on shooting

Measurable- possible to measure weather targets have been met. Eg: run100m in 11sec

Accepted- target must be accepted by performer and other individuals involved. Eg: meeting with coach to discuss

Realistic- target must be possible to attain. Eg: increase bench press by 5 kg in 5 weeks

Time-bound - target must have end point eg- improve 100metre time by .2 seconds in 5 weeks

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16
Q

Benefits of goal setting …
Examples

A

-Increase motivation effort.
They have an end target to work towards. EG: setting goal of winning the league

-Improve focus
Unsure training is focused and relevant
Eg: goal to do a marathon- do more continuous training

-Improve performance
Develop skills/areas of weakness
Eg: goal keeper improving weak kick

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17
Q

What is information processing?
What does information processing involve

A

How we make decisions
gathering data from the display (senses) and prioritising the most important stimuli to make a suitable decision

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18
Q

Order of information processing…

A

1.Input
2.decision making
3.output
4.feedback

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19
Q

What’s the input?
Examples

A

-Performer taking info from the display (senses)
- chose which sense is important to them at the time
Eg: sprinter listening for starting gun

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20
Q

What’s decision making ?

A

-An appropriate response is chosen from memory. May have been used before
- anything done in the last 30 seconds is comes from short term memory. Any longer, long term memory

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21
Q

What is the output?
Example

A

The decision chosen is sent to appropriate muscles to carry out the movement
Eg: moving your legs to run

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22
Q

What’s the feedback (intrinsic or extrinsic ) wise

A

-Information received via intrinsic (within yourself) or extrinsic ( from others), feedback regarding the success of lack of it within an action
-the feedback you revive may affect how you complete this skill in the future

Eg: you feel the ball in your hands ( intrinsic), you hear your team clapping because you caught it (extrinsic)

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23
Q

What’s arousal?

A

Arousal is a physical and mental of alertness/readiness, ranging from deep sleep to extreme excitement.

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24
Q

What are the two types of arousal..

A

Physical arousal
Mental arousal

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25
Q

Advantage of physical arousal…

A

Increased heart rate , increased breathing rate

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26
Q

Disadvantage of physical arousal…

A

Shaking, muscle tremors, nausea

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27
Q

Advantages of mental arousal …

A

Increased focus , determination , aggression

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28
Q

Disadvantages of mental arousal..

A

Anxiety, fear

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29
Q

Diagram of upside down U to represent arousal comparing to performance.

A
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30
Q

What skills are best performed at a low level of arousal?

A

Fine skills that require accuracy/precision are best performed at a low level of arousal.
Eg: snooker , archery

31
Q

What skills require high levels of arousal?

A

Gross skills that require strength/power and large movements are best performed in high levels of arousal
Eg: rugby tackle

32
Q

What effect on performance can over arousal have on?

A

Negative impact

33
Q

3 Methods to control arousal …
What they are
Examples

A

-deep breathing, taking slow deep breaths to calm breathing down. This increases oxygen supply to the brain and focuses kind

Mental rehearsal / imagery / visualisation - athlete visualises a successful performance for the mind before completing a skill. Imagery is when you visualise a calm place.

Positives self talk - performed making positive statements in their head to increase confidence
Eg - “I will win this race “

34
Q

What is aggression?
What are the 2 types of aggression?

A

-Aggression is behaviour with deliberate intention to harm or injure another person.
-direct
-indirect

35
Q

What is direct aggression?

A

Aggression that involves actuall physical contact with an opponent.
Eg: a tackle in rugby

36
Q

What is indirect aggression?

A

Aggression that does not involve physical contact. Act is taken out on an object.

E.g. Bowling a fast delivery in Cricket/rounders; smashing shuttle with power in badminton

37
Q

Example of direct aggression being used to improve performance….

A

Tackle in Rugby – which stops opponent from scoring a try

38
Q

Example of indirect aggression being used to improve performance ….

A

Smashing shuttle with power in Badminton – to make it harder to return shot.

39
Q

What are the two main personality characteristics ?

A

Introvert
Extrovert

40
Q

Characteristics of an introvert …
What type of sports do they generally play? Examples..
What levels or arousal do they generally prefer ?

A

They tend to be quiet and shy

Introverts tend to play sports that require concentration and involve fine skills (high levels of precision/accuracy).
Eg: snooker, archery

They tend to prefer low levels of arousal

41
Q

Characteristics of an extrovert …
What type of sports do they tend to play…. Examples of them
What levels of arousal do they tend to prefer?

A

-tend to be sociable, talkative and outgoing
-tend to play sports that are fast paced and involve gross skills.
Example: rugby, netball
-They tend to prefer high levels of arousal.

42
Q

What are your 4 types of guidance ?

A

-visual
-verbal
-manual
-mechanical

43
Q

What’s visual guidance ?
Who’s visual guidance useful for and why?
Example?

A

-Guidance that you can see/ watching someone.

Useful for beginners so they form a mental image of the skill and know what they have to do.

Coach demonstrating a chest pass in football.

44
Q

What’s mental image?

A

Visualising a skill in the mind

45
Q

What’s mechanical guidance ?
What feel does it help beginners get?
Example….

A

-Using mechanical equipment to support leaner

-helps beginners get a kinaesthetic feel for the skill.

  • eg using a harness on a trampoline
46
Q

What’s manual guidance ?

Why’s it helpful for begginers?

A

-Physically moving the leaner through the correct movement

-helpful for beginners as it increases confidence and safety

47
Q

Advantages of manual and mechanical guidance ?

A

-allows learner to experience how a skill should feel and develop a kinaesthetic feel for it

-increases safety when performing a dangerous skill

48
Q

Disadvantages of manual and mechanical guidance ….

A

-lead to a false sense of kinaesthesias as you don’t get a true feel for the sport .

-performer may become dependant on the support.

-expensive equipment

49
Q

Advantage of visual guidance ?

A

-Good for beginners to give them a mental image of the skill.

50
Q

Disadvantage of visual guidance ?

A

-demos must be accurate

-performers must pay attention

51
Q

What’s verbal guidance ?
How is it used with beginners?
How is it used with experts?

A

-guidance provided by someone speaking to you.

-begginers , to give key points and focus attention on demo

Experts- discuss tactics

52
Q

Verbal guidance advantages ?

A

-Helps ensure selective attention

-good for experienced performers

53
Q

Verbal guidance disadvantages ?

A

-Must be clear and concise

-can be boring/time consuming

54
Q

6 types of feedback …

A

-Intrinsic (within yourself )
-extrinsic ( external )

  • positive
    -negative

-Knowledge of performance (understanding of how you played, not based on outcome) (begginers)
-Knowledge of Results (experts )

55
Q

What’s motivation?

A

The drive to succeed or desire to achieve something

56
Q

2 categories of motivation

A

Intrinsic
Extrinsic

57
Q

What’s intrinsic motivation?
What is the performer driven to achieve something by?

A

-Drive that comes from within the performer themselves.

-by the feeling it brings them

58
Q

What’s extrinsic motivation?
2 categories of extrinsic rewards … (examples )

A

-Drive experienced by a performer when striving to achieve an external reward.

-tangible (trophies, medals)

-intangible (praise or feedback from others, applause from crowd)

59
Q

Advantage of intrinsic motivation…
Disadvantage of intrinsic motivation

A

-Lead to continued effort and motivation

-begginers will need to attain a high enough standard before this happens

60
Q

Positive of extrinsic motivation…

2 Disadvantages of extrinsic motivation

A

-Result in feelings of pride / self satisfaction

-undermine the strength of intrinsic motivation.
-performed may not participate if there’s no extrinsic rewards

61
Q

Benefits of feedback …

A

-improves performance

-increases confidence

-increases motivation

62
Q

Effective feedback… why for each one of the 3

A

-limited amount of info given (prevent information overload)

-immediacy (so performer can reflect)

-related to the individual (increases motivation and accountability

63
Q

What’s positive feedback ?eg..

A

-Info about what was correct / successful about the performance
Eg:coach saying good hand position when playing a shot in tennis

64
Q

Advantages of positive feedback…

A

-improves motivation

-increases confidence / self esteem

65
Q

Disadvantages of positive feedback

A

-make the performer think they’re better than they are

-if given after a poor performance, performer won’t correct errors

66
Q

What’s negative feedback
Eg

A

Information given about what was incorrect or bad about the performance
Eg: coach saying your shooting technique was incorrect

67
Q

2Advantages of negative feedback …

2Disadvantages of negative feedback …

A

Adv
-motivate performers to want to improve
tells athlete what they need to improve and helps them promise it

Disadv
-demotivate performers
-must be accurate

68
Q

2Advantages of intrinsic feedback
1Disadvantage of intrinsic feedback

A

Adv
-immediate feedback
-don’t rely on coach

Disadv
-beginners need extrinsic feedback more

69
Q

Advantages of extrinsic feedback …
Disadvantages of extrinsic feedback…

A

Adv
-give info on how to improve technique
-beginners are clueless so extrinsic will help

Disadv
-people may not have access to it
-performers become dependent on it

70
Q

What’s knowledge of results (KR)
Eg..

A

Info given after a performance abt end result or outcome
Eg: the shot went in

71
Q

What’s knowledge of performance (KP)
Eg:

A

Info given about quality of performance/technique
Eg: good head position when shooting

72
Q

2Advantages of knowledge of performance and knowledge of results
1Disadvantage

A

Adv
-increase motivation after positive performance
-help improve kinaesthesis

Disadvantages
-May demotivate athlete after negative performance

73
Q

2Advantages of knowledge of performance and knowledge of results
1Disadvantage

A

Adv
-increase motivation after positive performance
-help improve kinaesthesis

Disadvantages
-May demotivate athlete after negative performance

Gcse PE (6 decks)

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