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Gcse PE > Applied Atonomy And Physioology > Flashcards

Applied Atonomy And Physioology Flashcards

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1
Q

What bones are located at the head/neck

A

Cranium
Vertebrae

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2
Q

What bones are located at the shoulder

A

Scapula and humerus

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3
Q

What bones are located at the chest

A

Ribs
Sternum

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4
Q

What bones are located at the elbow

A

Humerus
Radius
Ulna

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5
Q

What bones are located at the hip?

A

Pelvis
Femur

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6
Q

What bones are located at the knee

A

Femur
tibia
Patella site in front of knee jount

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7
Q

What bones are located at the ankle?

A

Tibia
Fibula
Talus

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8
Q

5 functions of the skeletal system…

A

Structural components
Support
Mineral storage
Blood cell production
Movement
Protection

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9
Q

13 muscles

A

Bicep - flexion at the elbow
Tricep -extension at the elbow
Quadriceps - extension at the knee
Hamstrings - flexion at the knee
Abdominals - aid the process of expiration
Pectorals - aid the process of inspiration
Hip flexors - cause flexion at the hip
Gluteals - cause extension at the hip
Rotator cuff - provides stability for the shoulder
Deltoids- responsible for abduction, flexion,extension of the shoulder
Lattissimus dorsi
Tibialis anterior -causes dorsiflexion
Gastrocnemius -causes plantarflexion

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10
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Attach muscle to bone

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11
Q

6 features or a synovial joint…

A

Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Joint capsule
Bursae
Cartilage
Ligaments

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12
Q

What joint it found at the knee and elbow

A

Hinge joint

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13
Q

Joint found at the hip and shoulder..

A

Ball and socket

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14
Q

What’s the role of an agonist in an antagonistic pair?

A

To produce the movement

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15
Q

What’s the role of the antagonist in an antagonistic pair?

A

To relax to allow movement

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16
Q

Name 3 antagonistic pairs

A

Quadriceps- hamstrings
Biceps- triceps
Hip flexors- gluteuls

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17
Q

What are the 4 types of bones?

A

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

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18
Q

What do long bones do and give an example..

A

Allow gross movements
Femur
Humerus

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19
Q

What do short bones do and give examples…

A

Small bones that allow fine controlled movements
Carpals, tarsals

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20
Q

What do flat bones do and give examples…

A

Protect vital organs
Ribs
Cranium

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21
Q

What do irregular bones do and give examples…

A

Specifically shaped to protect parts of the body
Vertebrae

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22
Q

Where is a joint formed?

A

Where 2 or move bones meet

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23
Q

What do ligaments attach?

A

Bone to bone

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24
Q

The 2 types of muscle are..

A

Voluntary
Involuntary

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25
Q

The 4 types of muscle contractions…

A

Isometric contraction- muscle stays the same length
Isotonic contraction- muscle changes length
Concentric contraction- muscle shortens, pulling on bone
Eccentric - muscle lengthens

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26
Q

What is the pathway of air?

A

Mouth/ nose
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoili

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27
Q

2 things the respiratory system does …

A

Transport oxygen into the body
Remove carbon dioxide from the body
(Gas exchange)

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28
Q

Features that assist in gaseous exchange…

A

Large surface area of alveoli
Moist thin walls (one cell thick)
Short distance for diffusion
Lots of capillaries
Large blood supply
Movement or gas from high concentration to low concentration

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29
Q

How’s oxyhemoglobin formed?

A

Oxygen combining with haemogoblin ( protein in red blood cell)

30
Q

During inhaling at rest what happens ?

A

Intercostal muscles contract and pull ribs up
Diaphragm contracts and flattens/ moves down

31
Q

During exhaling at rest what happens?

A

Intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax

32
Q

What happens when you inhale during exercise ?

A

Pectorals and sternocleidomastoid are used
Increased size of chest cavity

33
Q

What happens when you exhale during excercise?

A

Abdominal muscles pull down rib cage and force air out of

34
Q

What are the types of synovial joints ?

A

Ball and socket
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid

35
Q

What movements do hinge joints allow

A

Flexion
Extension

36
Q

What movements do ball and socket joints allow

A

Flexion
Extension
Addiction
Abduction
Circumductiom
Rotations

37
Q

What is the cilia?

A

Little hairs that prevent dust coming through the nose/mouth passage

38
Q

What do cartilage rings do?

A

Prevent trachea from collapsimg

39
Q

What is the function of an artery?
Name features that aid this function

A

To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Usually at high pressure
Main artery is the aorta
Thick walls
Muscular layer

40
Q

What’s the function of a vein?
What the main vein?
Features of veins.

A

Collect deoxygenated blood and return it to your heart usually at low pressure
Main vein is the vena cava
Thin wall
Less elasric

41
Q

What isthe function of capillaries?
What do they have that aids this ?

A

Exchange materials between blood and tissue cells.
Very thin wall

42
Q

The 4 chambers of the heart are…

A

Right atrium. Left atrium
Right ventricle. Left ventricle

43
Q

Heart diagram

A
44
Q

What’s cardiac output?

A

Quantity of blood pumped by the heart in a given period of time, typically measured in litres per minute

45
Q

What is a systole?

A

Muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries

46
Q

What’s a diastole?

A

Heart muscles relax and the chambers fill up with blood

47
Q

What’s vasoconstriction ?
What does it do to blood pressure?

A

The construction of blood vessels, which imcreases blood pressure

48
Q

What’s vasolidation

A

Dialatiom of blood vessels , which decreases blood pressure

49
Q

What’s the cardiac cycle ?

A

Pressure changed which take place within the heart.

50
Q

Pathway of blood

A

Deoxygenated loop enters the right atrium through the vena cava
The heart contracts and blood passes through a valve into the right ventricle
Pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood to the lungd
Gaseous exchange takes place , resulting in oxygenated blood
Pulmonary vein transports the oxygenated blood back to the heart, enters left atrium
Blood passes through valve into left ventricle
Oxygenated blood is ejected from the heart and transported to body /muscles via aorta

51
Q

What is heart rate?

A

Speed at which a hesrt beats
Avaradge - 72 bpm

52
Q

What is stroke volume ?

A

Volume of blood pumped out the left ventricle

53
Q

What’s vascular shunt?

A

Blood being directed to areas where it’s most needed

54
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume X heart rate

55
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The amount of air breathed in with each normal breath. Avaradge is 500ml

56
Q

Expiratory reserve volume ?

A

Maximum amount. Of additional air that can be forced out of the lungs after a normal breath

57
Q

What’s inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Maximum amount of additional air that can be taken into the lungd after a normal breath

58
Q

What’s residual volume?
What does it help do?

A

Air left in lungs after a maximal out breath
Keeps lungs partially inflated

59
Q

What is aerobic exercise? And its intensity. Equation. Example

A

Respiration with oxygen
Low- moderate intensity (60- 80%)
10,000 m sprint
Glucose + 02 = energy+ water + c02

60
Q

What’s the equation for aerobic excercise ?

A

Glucose + 02 = energy + co2 + water

61
Q

What’s anaerobic excercise. Give example and intensity. Equation

A

Respiration without oxygen.
80-90%
200m sprint
Glucose = energy + lactic acid

62
Q

What’s EPOC me what excercise causes it?

A

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
Caused by oxygen debt in anaerobic excercise

63
Q

How to calculate maximum heart rate ?

A

220-age

64
Q

What are the 3 parts of the recovery process?

A

Cool down and stretching ( lowering pulse)
Diet manipulation
Ice baths/ massage

65
Q

How does pulse lowering and stretching help recovery?

A

Helps maintain elevated heart rate, gets rid of lactic acid
Replenishes muscles with oxygen

66
Q

How do ice baths / massages help with recovery

A

Increases blood flow to sore area
Ice baths causes flood vessels to vasoconstrict, forcing lactic acid out of the
Prevents DOMS

67
Q

How does diet manipulation help with recovery ( water , carbs, protein)

A

Water - reduces fluids lost, prevents dehydration
Carbs- provide long lasting energy for endurance athletes.
Protein- helps muscles recover and grow after excercise

68
Q

What is DOMS

A

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

69
Q

Immediate affects of excercise ( during excercise)

A

Hot/ sweaty/ red skin
Increased depth and frequency of breathing
Increased heart rate

70
Q

Short term affects of excercise (up to 36 hours after )

A

Tiredness/ fatigue
Light headedidnes
Nausea
DOMS

71
Q

Long term affects of excercise ( months and year after )

A

Change in body shape
Muscle strength and endurance
Improve stamina and resting HR

72
Q

What’s the function of a valve?

A

Prevent the back flow of blood

Gcse PE (6 decks)

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