Applied Atonomy And Physioology Flashcards
What bones are located at the head/neck
Cranium
Vertebrae
What bones are located at the shoulder
Scapula and humerus
What bones are located at the chest
Ribs
Sternum
What bones are located at the elbow
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
What bones are located at the hip?
Pelvis
Femur
What bones are located at the knee
Femur
tibia
Patella site in front of knee jount
What bones are located at the ankle?
Tibia
Fibula
Talus
5 functions of the skeletal system…
Structural components
Support
Mineral storage
Blood cell production
Movement
Protection
13 muscles
Bicep - flexion at the elbow
Tricep -extension at the elbow
Quadriceps - extension at the knee
Hamstrings - flexion at the knee
Abdominals - aid the process of expiration
Pectorals - aid the process of inspiration
Hip flexors - cause flexion at the hip
Gluteals - cause extension at the hip
Rotator cuff - provides stability for the shoulder
Deltoids- responsible for abduction, flexion,extension of the shoulder
Lattissimus dorsi
Tibialis anterior -causes dorsiflexion
Gastrocnemius -causes plantarflexion
What do tendons do?
Attach muscle to bone
6 features or a synovial joint…
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Joint capsule
Bursae
Cartilage
Ligaments
What joint it found at the knee and elbow
Hinge joint
Joint found at the hip and shoulder..
Ball and socket
What’s the role of an agonist in an antagonistic pair?
To produce the movement
What’s the role of the antagonist in an antagonistic pair?
To relax to allow movement
Name 3 antagonistic pairs
Quadriceps- hamstrings
Biceps- triceps
Hip flexors- gluteuls
What are the 4 types of bones?
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
What do long bones do and give an example..
Allow gross movements
Femur
Humerus
What do short bones do and give examples…
Small bones that allow fine controlled movements
Carpals, tarsals
What do flat bones do and give examples…
Protect vital organs
Ribs
Cranium
What do irregular bones do and give examples…
Specifically shaped to protect parts of the body
Vertebrae
Where is a joint formed?
Where 2 or move bones meet
What do ligaments attach?
Bone to bone
The 2 types of muscle are..
Voluntary
Involuntary
The 4 types of muscle contractions…
Isometric contraction- muscle stays the same length
Isotonic contraction- muscle changes length
Concentric contraction- muscle shortens, pulling on bone
Eccentric - muscle lengthens
What is the pathway of air?
Mouth/ nose
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoili
2 things the respiratory system does …
Transport oxygen into the body
Remove carbon dioxide from the body
(Gas exchange)
Features that assist in gaseous exchange…
Large surface area of alveoli
Moist thin walls (one cell thick)
Short distance for diffusion
Lots of capillaries
Large blood supply
Movement or gas from high concentration to low concentration
How’s oxyhemoglobin formed?
Oxygen combining with haemogoblin ( protein in red blood cell)
During inhaling at rest what happens ?
Intercostal muscles contract and pull ribs up
Diaphragm contracts and flattens/ moves down
During exhaling at rest what happens?
Intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
What happens when you inhale during exercise ?
Pectorals and sternocleidomastoid are used
Increased size of chest cavity
What happens when you exhale during excercise?
Abdominal muscles pull down rib cage and force air out of
What are the types of synovial joints ?
Ball and socket
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
What movements do hinge joints allow
Flexion
Extension
What movements do ball and socket joints allow
Flexion
Extension
Addiction
Abduction
Circumductiom
Rotations
What is the cilia?
Little hairs that prevent dust coming through the nose/mouth passage
What do cartilage rings do?
Prevent trachea from collapsimg
What is the function of an artery?
Name features that aid this function
To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Usually at high pressure
Main artery is the aorta
Thick walls
Muscular layer
What’s the function of a vein?
What the main vein?
Features of veins.
Collect deoxygenated blood and return it to your heart usually at low pressure
Main vein is the vena cava
Thin wall
Less elasric
What isthe function of capillaries?
What do they have that aids this ?
Exchange materials between blood and tissue cells.
Very thin wall
The 4 chambers of the heart are…
Right atrium. Left atrium
Right ventricle. Left ventricle
Heart diagram
What’s cardiac output?
Quantity of blood pumped by the heart in a given period of time, typically measured in litres per minute
What is a systole?
Muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries
What’s a diastole?
Heart muscles relax and the chambers fill up with blood
What’s vasoconstriction ?
What does it do to blood pressure?
The construction of blood vessels, which imcreases blood pressure
What’s vasolidation
Dialatiom of blood vessels , which decreases blood pressure
What’s the cardiac cycle ?
Pressure changed which take place within the heart.
Pathway of blood
Deoxygenated loop enters the right atrium through the vena cava
The heart contracts and blood passes through a valve into the right ventricle
Pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood to the lungd
Gaseous exchange takes place , resulting in oxygenated blood
Pulmonary vein transports the oxygenated blood back to the heart, enters left atrium
Blood passes through valve into left ventricle
Oxygenated blood is ejected from the heart and transported to body /muscles via aorta
What is heart rate?
Speed at which a hesrt beats
Avaradge - 72 bpm
What is stroke volume ?
Volume of blood pumped out the left ventricle
What’s vascular shunt?
Blood being directed to areas where it’s most needed
How do you calculate cardiac output?
Stroke volume X heart rate
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air breathed in with each normal breath. Avaradge is 500ml
Expiratory reserve volume ?
Maximum amount. Of additional air that can be forced out of the lungs after a normal breath
What’s inspiratory reserve volume?
Maximum amount of additional air that can be taken into the lungd after a normal breath
What’s residual volume?
What does it help do?
Air left in lungs after a maximal out breath
Keeps lungs partially inflated
What is aerobic exercise? And its intensity. Equation. Example
Respiration with oxygen
Low- moderate intensity (60- 80%)
10,000 m sprint
Glucose + 02 = energy+ water + c02
What’s the equation for aerobic excercise ?
Glucose + 02 = energy + co2 + water
What’s anaerobic excercise. Give example and intensity. Equation
Respiration without oxygen.
80-90%
200m sprint
Glucose = energy + lactic acid
What’s EPOC me what excercise causes it?
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
Caused by oxygen debt in anaerobic excercise
How to calculate maximum heart rate ?
220-age
What are the 3 parts of the recovery process?
Cool down and stretching ( lowering pulse)
Diet manipulation
Ice baths/ massage
How does pulse lowering and stretching help recovery?
Helps maintain elevated heart rate, gets rid of lactic acid
Replenishes muscles with oxygen
How do ice baths / massages help with recovery
Increases blood flow to sore area
Ice baths causes flood vessels to vasoconstrict, forcing lactic acid out of the
Prevents DOMS
How does diet manipulation help with recovery ( water , carbs, protein)
Water - reduces fluids lost, prevents dehydration
Carbs- provide long lasting energy for endurance athletes.
Protein- helps muscles recover and grow after excercise
What is DOMS
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
Immediate affects of excercise ( during excercise)
Hot/ sweaty/ red skin
Increased depth and frequency of breathing
Increased heart rate
Short term affects of excercise (up to 36 hours after )
Tiredness/ fatigue
Light headedidnes
Nausea
DOMS
Long term affects of excercise ( months and year after )
Change in body shape
Muscle strength and endurance
Improve stamina and resting HR
What’s the function of a valve?
Prevent the back flow of blood
