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PDHPE > Sports Medicine - CQ3 > Flashcards

Sports Medicine - CQ3 Flashcards

1
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Pre-screening - definition

A

assessing the health status of a person before they become involved in a training program

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2
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Pre-screening - benefits (2)

A
  • allows exercise programs to be tailored to the individual based on their needs
  • assists in providing the athlete with individual advice & information to decrease risk of injury occuring
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3
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Pre-screening - information requested (15)

A
  • age
  • gender
  • height
  • weight
  • smoking habits
  • level of physical activity
  • symptoms of medical issues
  • GP advice
  • family medical history (heart disease, cancer)
  • medical history
  • medical conditions (high BP, high cholesterol, high BGL)
  • medication
  • time in hospital (in the last 12 months)
  • pregnancy/given birth (last 12 months)
  • bones, joint, muscle pain
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4
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Pre-screening - levels of physical activity

A
  • sedentary
  • light
  • moderate
  • vigorous
    +frequency & duration
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5
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Pre-screening - groups most at risk (4)

A
  • those with medical conditions
  • intensity category: sedentary
  • aged/elderly athletes
  • young/inexperienced athletes
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6
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Pre-screening - high risk factors (8)

A
  • males 35+
  • females 45+
  • being overweight
  • high BP, BGL, cholesterol
  • having diabetes
  • smoking
  • no exercise in past 12 months
  • being pregnant
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7
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Pre-screening - modifications to keep exercise programs safe (2)

A
  • reduce intensity, reps & durations
  • make adjustments of nature of exercise (lower impact)
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8
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Skill & technique - description

A

many injuries relate to poor skill or technique & might be the result of a single direct blow (e.g. position in a tackle) or repetitive minor impacts (e.g. poor running technique - sprains & tears)

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9
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Skill & technique - importance

A

to prevent injury

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10
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Skill & technique - important of skill

A
  • cognitive: requires more thinking than skill
    e.g. not scanning
  • associative
  • autonomous: can scan & do skill with little concertation or thinking
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11
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Skill & technique - importance of technique (2)

A
  • poor technique leads to overuse injuries
  • potentially indirect issues
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12
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Skill & technique - performer considerations (3)

A
  • wet/slippery: move slower & more controlled
  • spotting (gymnastics)
  • controlling engagement: rugby scrum ‘crouch-pause-engage’
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13
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Skill & technique - enforcing correct skill & technique (coach)

A

making skills more manageable by breaking them down
- easier to learn
- safer to execute
- controlled

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14
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Skill & technique - enforcing correct skill & technique (referee) (3)

A
  • ensure rules are followed
  • giving warnings & take players off (red/yellow cards)
  • explain the rules
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15
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Physical fitness - description

A

athletes can prevent injuries by placing special emphasis on developing the physical components specific to their activities. lack of development of the appropriate level of fitness for a particular sport is a major contributing factor to injury

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16
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Physical fitness - factorings contributing to injury (3)

A
  • flexibility
  • endurance
  • strength
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17
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Physical fitness - factor contributing to injury: flexibility (3)

A

Good flexibility assists the athlete
- to avoid injuries due to greater movement around joint
- less chance of ligament damage if the joint is extended beyond its normal range
- too much flexibility can decrease strength in a joint & increase chance of dislocation

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18
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Physical fitness - factoring contributing to injury: endurance (3)

A

reasons for good endurance
- delays onset fatigue & loss of technique that follows
- due to fatigue, injuries are more likely to occur due to slow reaction time, tight muscles or decrease mental focus
- fatigued muscles are less likely to absorb impact from external forces

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19
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Physical fitness - factors contributing to injury: strength (2)

A

imbalance between muscles is likely to cause injuries
e.g. netball, knee injury
- strengthen quads, hamstrings & calves (helps hold knee together)
- includes exercise that might help (hamstring curls, calf, raises, leg extension, squats &stretching)

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20
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Warm up, stretching & cool downs - phases (4)

A
  • warm up
  • stretching
  • skill rehearsal & game play
  • cool down
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21
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Warm up, stretching & cool downs - General body warm up (description)

A

prepares body for physical activity

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22
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Warm up, stretching & cool downs - General body warm up (activities) (5)

A
  • start with no equipment & gradually add equipment (e.g. add ball at the end of warm up)
  • warm up should be game specific (practice game skills)
  • should start a low intensity & work up to intensity required in game
  • often ends in a mini game
  • minimum 5-7 minutes
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23
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Warm up, stretching & cool downs - General body warm up (benefits) (4)

A
  • increase blood flow & oxygen to active muscles
  • increase body & muscle temperature
  • increase flexibility & decrease injury
  • assist mental preparation
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24
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Warm up, stretching & cool downs - Stretching (types) (4)

A
  • Static
  • PNF
  • Dynamic
  • Ballistic

** apart of the warm-up

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25
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Warm up, stretching & cool downs - Stretching (description - static)

A

gradually stretching a muscle than hold at mild tension for 10-30 seconds

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26
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Warm up, stretching & cool downs - Stretching (description - PNF)

A

static stretching followed by an isometric contraction for 6-10 seconds

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27
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Warm up, stretching & cool downs - Stretching (description - dynamic)

A

controlled movements to reach joint’s range of motion

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28
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Warm up, stretching & cool downs - Stretching (description - ballistic)

A

bouncing in & out of a stretch position (using stretched muscles as a spring)

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29
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Warm up, stretching & cool downs - Stretching (activities)

A
  • lasts 5-10 minutes
  • breath normally
  • ballistic stretching only for warm-ups, not cool downs
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30
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Warm up, stretching & cool downs - Stretching (activities examples - static) (2)

A
  • hamstring stretch
  • butterfly stretch
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31
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Warm up, stretching & cool downs - Stretching (activities examples - PNF) (1)

A

partner stretching

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32
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Warm up, stretching & cool downs - Stretching (activities examples - dynamic) (2)

A
  • arm circles
  • knee to chest
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33
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Warm up, stretching & cool downs - Stretching (activities examples - ballistic) (1)

A

bouncing down repeatedly to touch toes

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34
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Warm up, stretching & cool downs - Stretching (benefits) (6)

A

increase:
- elasticity
- muscle extensibility
- length of the muscle
- blood circulation
- range of motion at joint
decrease:
- muscle tension

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35
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Warm up, stretching & cool downs - Skill rehearsal & game play (description)

A

finial 10-15 minutes of warm up

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36
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Warm up, stretching & cool downs - Skill rehearsal & game play (activities) (2)

A
  • involves more intense exercise that are specific to the activity
  • involves the full range of movement likely to experience in game
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37
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Warm up, stretching & cool downs - Skill rehearsal & game play (activities examples) (4)

A
  • short, sharp sprints
  • agility movements
  • modified games
  • skill/technique drills
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38
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Warm up, stretching & cool downs - Skill rehearsal & game play (benefits) (3)

A
  • increase agility
  • increase game readiness
  • maintenance of body temperature
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39
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Warm up, stretching & cool downs - Cool down (description)

A

aim to assist the body to adjust from intense activity back to a normal pre-exercise state (opposite of warm-up process)

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40
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Warm up, stretching & cool downs - Cool down (activities) (2)

A
  • begin with intense activity that gradually reduces
  • followed by stretching (similar to warm up, no ballistic stretching, emphasis on major muscle groups previously injured)
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41
Q

Critical Question 3, DP1

Warm up, stretching & cool downs - Cool down (benefits)

A
  • allows excess fluid build up in working muscles to drain & redistribute
  • decrease muscle soreness & tightness therefore allowing quicker recovery
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42
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

rules of sport & activities - the policies & rules of sport & activity assists the…

A

flow of play & help protect participants from injury

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43
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

rules of sport & activities - policies include (2)

A
  1. safe participation (e.g. heat & storm policies)
  2. supervision requirements of young people (safety & protective equipment)
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44
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

rules of sport & activities - policies & rules are essential for…

A

fair, competitive & organised play

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45
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

rules of sport & activities - without rules there would be…

A

arguments & injury

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46
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

rules of sport & activities - refs & coaches have a responsibility to…

A

ensure players are under control, in the right spirt & don’t break the rules

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47
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

rules of sport & activities - refs & coaches must ensure…

A
  • players must respect the rules of the sport
  • players must not put themselves & others at risk
  • if the nature of the game is dangerous (e.g. boxing, football) then there is going to be stringent rules to minimise the change of serious injury
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48
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

modified rules for children (description)

A
  • rules are modified to decrease risk of injury
  • new games are developed that build on basic skill of the original game (minor changes to rules in adult games that are implemented at different age groups)
49
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

modified rules for children - examples (2)

A

Basketball: 3 second rule in key (not always used in children or social games)

Rugby: tackles (tags replace tackles in under 12s)

50
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

matching opponents - measured by (5)

A
  • age
  • size
  • maturity
  • social skills
  • ability to follow instructions
51
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

matching opponents - this allows children to…

A

develop skills & have fun instead of getting injured & disappointed (& possibility drop out of sport)
- allows children to grow & develop at different rates without uneven competition & injury

52
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

matching opponents - contact sports (risk & management)

A

risk: kids with smaller physiques
- play under age & grade systems which have been implemented to promote competition & decrease risk of injury

53
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

matching opponents - limited players disadvantages

A

in some places, there aren’t enough teams & players therefore grade systems can’t work (e.g. in small towns)

54
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

use of protective equipment - description

A

wearing protective equipment in most cases is voluntary - it can help decrease severity of injury

55
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

use of protective equipment - helmets

A

should be worn where there is any risk of a injury to the head from an external force
- designed to allow head protection & have full vision & head movements

56
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

use of protective equipment - helmets (sport examples)

A
  • softball
  • rock climbing
  • bike riding
  • cricket

** all designs are different for the most efficient way to protect head

57
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

use of protective equipment - mouth guards

A

dental & jaw injuries can be avoided if correctly fitted
- absorbs & disperse energy from direct blow & decrease risk of concussion from chin hit
- if correctly fitted (by dentist) it allows comfort, decrease breathing & increase talking difficulties

58
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

use of protective equipment - shoulder & shin pads

A

protects against soft tissue injuries by absorbing external force impact (people & equipment)
- must be properly fitted & not restrict movement
- padding can also be warm: knows, elbows & chest

59
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

use of protective equipment - shoulder & shin pads (sport examples)

A
  • cricket
  • hockey
  • soccer
  • volleyball
  • skateboarding
60
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

use of protective equipment - joint harnesses & braces

A

to prevent joints extending past their normal range, as they decrease joint movement (they must not restrict too much)
- commonly warn to prevent shoulder dislocations

61
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

use of protective equipment - footwear

A

designed for specific sport (which can help athlete win)
- offers support & traction through studs & springs therefore decrease injury by assisting in acceleration & direction change while maintaining balance & control

62
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

use of protective equipment - risk (2)

A
  • can contribute to injury by anchoring foot to ground while leg & body goes in a different direction (e.g. can lead to knee injuries etc.)
  • poor footwear can result in shin soreness, lower leg pain & blisters
63
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

use of protective equipment - can prevent

A

prpoer footwar can prevent chronic leg & foot injuries caused by repetitive impacts on hard surfaces
- prevented through shock-absorbent inner soles (desperses force)

64
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

use of protective equipment - examples (Cricket) (4)

A

guards for:
- arm
- though
- chest
- elbows

65
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

use of protective equipment - examples (Hockey) (4)

A
  • mouth guard
  • shin pads
  • ankle tapping
  • footwear
66
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

use of protective equipment - examples (Rugby) (4)

A
  • mouth guard
  • head gear
  • ankle tapping
  • footwear
67
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

use of protective equipment - examples (Soccer) (3)

A
  • mouth guard
  • shin pads
  • footwear (studs)
68
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

safe grounds, equipment & facilities - grounds & facilities should be… (5)

A

designed & maintained to provide a safe playing environment
- likely dangers removed or covered (e.g. sprinkler heads, broken glass)
- well lit & positioned in a safe area away from fences & spectators
- fixtures need to be padded (e.g. goals)
- when surface changes, additional dangers need to be assessed (e.g. weather)

69
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

safe grounds, equipment & facilities - safe groups (4)

A
  • positioned away from: roads, rivers, dams, cliffs, trees, fences, walls & buildings
  • designed north & south facing to prevent impaired vision from sun
  • constructed on even ground & not hard, rough surfaces
  • positioned far enough from other games & players to prevent clashes
70
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

safe grounds, equipment & facilities - equipment (3)

A
  • all equipment should be maintained & monitored to ensure working order & there are no threat to safety
  • suited to size & ability of the player
  • large equipment should be anchored, stable & well padded
71
Q

Critical Question 3, DP2

safe grounds, equipment & facilities - facilities

A

appropriate facilities need to be provided
- hygienic change rooms
- well stocked first aid room

72
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

temperature regulations (4)

A
  • convection
  • radiation
  • conduction
  • evaporation
73
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

temperature regulations - convection (definition)

A

heat is lost due to the air flow across the body

74
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

temperature regulations - convection (description)

A
  • cold breeze causes heat loss
  • clothing is used to protect against convective heat loss
75
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

temperature regulations - convection (examples)

A

a runner loses heat to the surrounding air as they move through it or fan is used

76
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

temperature regulations - radiation (definition)

A

heat radiates from a warm object to a cold object (hot –> cold)

77
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

temperature regulations - radiation (description)

A

electromagnetic waves
- hot days: heat from the ground & sun will warm the athlete
- cold days: heat will be lost from an athlete to their surroundings

78
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

temperature regulations - radiation (examples)

A

radiation produced by the infrared rays of the sun

79
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

temperature regulations - conduction (definition)

A

heat exchange occurs when two objects of differing temperature contact with each other

80
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

temperature regulations - conduction (description)

A
  • a swimmer loses heat to the cold water
  • a netball player may gain heat from contact with a hot playing surface
81
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

temperature regulations - conduction (example)

A

swimming in a pool on a hot day where the body transfers its heat to the water & warms the water

82
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

temperature regulations - evaporation (definition)

A

heat is lost when sweat is evaporated from bodies surface

83
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

temperature regulations - evaporation (description)

A
  • a lot of heat is lost during exercise
  • heat being lost from the skin’s surface then allows heat from deeper inside the body to be moved outwards
84
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

temperature regulations - evaporation (example)

A

sweating during a soccer match on a warm day

85
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

climate conditions (7)

A
  • temperature
  • humidity
  • cold conditions
  • wind
  • rain
  • altitude
  • pollution
86
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

climate conditions - temperature (description) (2)

A

extreme environmental temperatures can result in hyperthermia & hypothermia
- athletes need to be aware of appropriate clothing

87
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

climate conditions - temperature (impact) (2)

A
  • hyperthermia (hot weather)
  • hypothermia (cold weather)
88
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

climate conditions - humidity (description)

A

will reduce the body’s ability to dissipate heat (prevent evaporation)

89
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

climate conditions - humidity (impact)

A

heat + humidity = hyperthermia (body temperature is too high)

90
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

climate conditions - cold conditions (description) (3)

A

includes wind & rain
- cold conditions lower the core body temperature
- to maintain the body’s core temperature (37 degrees), blood vessels constrict to decrease amount of heat loss (this is know as vasoconstriction, if body temperature drops too low hypothermia can develop)

91
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

climate conditions - cold conditions (impact)

A

hypothermia (very low body temperature)

92
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

climate conditions - cold conditions (vasoconstriction)

A

vasoconstriction is the contraction of blood vessels to decrease blood flow therefore maintaining heat

93
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

climate conditions - wind (description) (3)

A

a factor involved in heat loss through the combined effect of convection & conduction
- can result in wind chill
- wear appropriate clothing

94
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

climate conditions - wind (impact)

A

cold & wind = hyperthermia

95
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

climate conditions - rain (description) (3)

A
  • decrease body temperature (contributes to hypothermia)
  • slippery playing surface = increase risk of injury (e.g. falls)
  • decrease visibility
96
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

climate conditions - rain (impact) (2)

A
  • waterproof clothing
  • appropriate footwear (e.g. metal studs on football boots)
97
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

climate conditions - altitude (description) (2)

A
  • decrease aerobic capacity (impaired performance in endurance events)
  • decrease air resistance leading to increase performance in high/long jump & increase distance in soccer kicks
98
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

climate conditions - altitude (impact) (2)

A
  • train at high altitudes before competition so body adapts & increase performance
  • use sunscreen (increased UV levels)
99
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

climate conditions - pollution (5)

A
  • irritates airways
  • increase resistance
  • decrease oxygen into lungs
  • hazard for people with asthma/CR problems
  • train in large cities (to adapt)
100
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

climate conditions - pollution

A

avoid outdoor aerobic exercise during peak hour in cities (when traffic levels are high)

101
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

guidelines for fluid intake - dehydration (definition)

A

excessive loss of fluid from the body

102
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

guidelines for fluid intake - dehydration (cause) (3)

A
  • loss of coordination
  • impaired performance in endurance events
  • heat illness
103
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

guidelines for fluid intake - dehydration (environment)

A

has direct affect on athletes fluid reequipments
e.g. hot days –> sweat more –> drink more

104
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

guidelines for fluid intake - dehydration (exercise)

A

increase fluid loss, especially in hot conditions

105
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

guidelines for fluid intake - amount of water (description) (2)

A

water is vital in temperature regulation, especially in exercise, as blood plasma is 90% water therefore decrease water –> decrease plasma levels –> decrease BP –> decrease blood available to muscles –> decrease performance

  • fluid requirements vary remarkably between athletes & between exercise situations
106
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

guidelines for fluid intake - fluid loss are affected by (5)

A
  • Genetics: some people innately sweat more than others
  • Body size: larger athletes tend to sweat more than smaller athletes
  • Fitness: fitter people sweat earlier in exercise & in larger volumes
  • Environment: sweat losses are higher in hot, humid conditions
  • Exercise intensity: sweat losses increase as exercise intensity increases
107
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

acclimatisation (description)

A

a training technique where an athlete experiences different climate stressors - such as changes in temperature, humidity, altitude & wind causing physiological adaptions to occur

108
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

acclimatisation (involves)

A

involves developing tolerance to expected performance conditions (e.g. heat acclimatisation or altitude acclimatisation)

109
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

acclimatisation - time to adapt & loose

A
  • 7-14 days to adapt
  • 15 days to loose
110
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

acclimatisation - heat acclimatisation (prevents)

A

prevents athlete from deteriorating during performance or suffer from heat illness

111
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

acclimatisation - heat acclimatisation (benefits) (2)

A
  • increases cardiovascular functioning (meets demand of muscles & increase blood flow therefore cooling core temperature)
  • decreases chances of overheating & developing a heat illness (e.g. stroke or hyperthermia)
112
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

acclimatisation - heat acclimatisation (affects) (2)

A
  • increase sweat rate
  • decrease heat rate
113
Q

Critical Question 3, DP3

acclimatisation - benefits of altitude training (3)

A
  • increase red blood cells
  • increase blood capillaries
  • increase heart function
114
Q

Critical Question 3, DP4

Taping & Bandaging - aim (8)

A
  • prevent injury
  • decrease injury severity
  • provide support
  • limit pain
  • limit specific movements at joint
  • allow desired movements at joint
  • restrict movement, while allowing function
  • pull on skin providing feedback for surrounding muscles
115
Q

Critical Question 3, DP4

Taping & Bandaging - to tape or not to tape (3)

A
  • taping is used to decrease the likelihood of injury/reinjury
  • should be used in conjunction with appropriate rehabilitation
  • incorrect application may aggravate existing injury or cause a new injury
116
Q

Critical Question 3, DP4

Taping & Bandaging - preventative taping (benefits) (4)

A
  • decrease risk of unwanted movement
    -may be used even if injury has not occurred, where joints face extreme pressure
  • may be used to prevent re-injury
    beneficial for athletes who may have has a previous injury or weakness
  • any sport which requires explosive movements or change in direction that places stress on joint can benefit
117
Q

Critical Question 3, DP4

Taping & Bandaging - preventative taping (description) (5)

A
  • use non-elastic tape for support
  • should be used for both training & games
  • most commonly applied to joint areas to strengthen, support or prevent the joint from exceeding its normal range of motion during movements
  • the main areas that athletes will use this type of taping are: ankle, knee, shoulder & fingers
  • taping can be used on muscles (not just joints) to provide compression & support
118
Q

Critical Question 3, DP4

Taping & Bandaging - taping for isolation of injury (7)

A

once an injury has occurred, taping will limit movement of muscles & joints
- decrease risk of further damage
- injuries can be easily isolated
- more effective for ankle than shoulder because it can be more easily isolated
- aim = immobilisation
- early in rehabilitation = provide support & prevent further damage
- returning from injury = taping can led to a greater sense of proprioceptive awareness
-taping can help athletes get through training & work on their conditioning whilst in rehab mode

119
Q

Critical Question 3, DP4

Taping & Bandaging - bandaging for immediate treatment of injury (6)

A
  • decrease blood flow to injured area therefore decrease swelling
  • immobilisation of injured area
  • commonly used for soft tissue injuries
  • elastic bandages > Elastoplast tape: mainly used for compression bandages
  • can be used as soon as first aid has applied (to stop bleeding or secure ongoing injury treatment)
  • RICER (compression) = compression bandage can be used to help decrease swelling & blood flow in area

PDHPE (7 decks)

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